Nanotechnology in Aeviation Essay

†¢Nanotechnology in Aerospace Materials †¢Introduction Figure 1. The aerospace industry is under pressure to improve it’s environmental footprint, primarily by making aircraft more efficient. Image credit: Bureau of Labor Statistics. †¢There are few industries where the applications of nanotechnology are so clearly beneficial as in the aerospace industry. The primary development goals match almost exactly with the advantages offered by using various nanomaterials in the place of traditional bulk metals like steel. †¢The aerospace industry is one of the most important heavy industries in the world. Countless companies rely on the ability to ship products and people around the world with the speed that can only by achieved by air. The aircraft manufacturing market was worth xxx billion in 20xx, and the bulk of this was accounted for by military spending. †¢Along with this huge economic value, however, comes huge consumption, and one of the largest carbon footprints on the planet relative to the size of the market. For this reason, the major drivers in current aerospace R&D are towards lighter construction materials and more efficient engines – the overall goal being to reduce fuel consumption and carbon emissions associated with air travel and air freight. The significant interest in nanotechnology for the aerospace industry is justified by the potential of nanomaterials and nanoengineering to help the industry achieve this goal. †¢This article will review some of the nanomaterials which are already being applied in aerospace manufacturing, and the benefits they can provide. †¢Nanostructured Metals †¢Bulk metals with some nanoscale structure are already widely used in aircraft manufacturing. It is now well known that nanostructured metals – exhibit considerably improved properties compared to their counterparts with microscale or larger grain structure. †¢This is particularly noticeable for properties which are crucial for materials used in aircraft – primarily yield strength, tensile strength and corrosion resistance, coupled with low density which helps keep the total weight of the aircraft down. †¢ †¢Figure 2. Bulk nanostructured metals exhibit much better mechanical properties and corrosion resistance than their counterparts with larger crystal structures. Image credit: Los Alamos National Laboratory. †¢Polymer Nanocomposites †¢Various nanomaterials have been used as filler materials to enhance the properties of structural and non-structural polymers used in aircraft construction. The most commonly used nanomaterials include nanoclays, carbon nanotubes, nanofibres, and graphene. †¢Carbon nanotubes in particular have been shown to give excellent advantages when used as fillers in various polymers, due to their exceptional stiffness, toughness, and unique electrical properties. †¢Nanocomposites typically have superb weight-to-strength ratios, and enhanced resilience to vibration and fire, making them ideal for use in the aviation industry. The properties of the nanofillers, like the conductivity of nanotubes, for example, can create interesting opportunities for multifunctional materials. †¢The properties of polymers enhanced by nanomaterial fillers are so well-tuned to the requirements of aircraft manufacturers, that they are actually being used to replace some of the metals used in the airframes. This obviously brings along huge weight savings, and often cost savings as well. †¢Tribological and Anti-Corrosion Coatings †¢Another major trend in the materials used in aircraft is towards nanocoatings to enhance the durability of metals. In particular, magnesium alloys, which are far lighter than steel or aluminium, are prone to corrosion, due to the high chemical reactivity of magnesium. Coatings can help prevent corrosion, but the type typically used contain chromium complexes which are a highly toxic pollutant. †¢Materials used for these novel anti-corrosion nanocoatings include silicon and boron oxides, and cobalt-phosphorous nanocrystals. †¢Nanocoatings are also now being used on turbine blades and other mechanical components which have to withstand high temperatures and friction wear. Tribological coatings can drastically lower the friction coefficient and improve resistance to wear – this greatly improves the efficiency of the engines. †¢Many nanostructured and nanoscale  coating materials have been suggested as possible friction modifying agents, such as carbides, nitrides, metals, and various ceramics. †¢ †¢Figure 3. The defense sector drives a lot of the innovation in many industries, and aerospace is no exception. High-performance military aircraft require exceptional materials, which will eventually find their way into commercial vehicles. Image credit: Penn State University. †¢Conclusion †¢This is just a brief overview of some of the nanomaterials being used in aerospace. The drive for lighter and more efficient air vehicles has led to the rapid adoption of nanotechnology in aerospace manufacturing. †¢The main roadblock, as with many industries looking to adopt nanotechnology, is caused by uncertainty over the environmental and health and safety implications of these materials. Whilst nanomaterials can often be less toxic than the current materials used, the effects of long-term exposure to these novel materials are still uncertain. †¢The potential of nanotechnology in the aerospace industry cannot be denied, however. Outside of airframe and component materials, nanotechnology applications have been found in lubricants, fuel, adhesives and many other areas. †¢Nanotechnology is also helping engineers to create vehicles with the necessary properties to endure the harsh conditions of space.

School’s Registration System Thesis

Until now, several schools were note introduce in computer technologies and its efferent systems that's why the proponents decided to develop their school registration system that will help them to organize a student's information instantly. Amazing Grace Academy-Tagging Inc. Was the chosen beneficiary of the proponents. It was founded on 2005 by Pastor Monies Battle and run by his wife Principal Arlene Bat Ill The Christian school was built by pastors of different churches because of their passion about teaching children of Christian gospels and also beyond it.So they decided to build a school that will help one's child intelligence and knowledge about Christian gospels. Then, they created a Christian school named Jesus the Lord and Savior – Foundational Learning Center. As time pass by, it was developed and renamed as Amazing Grace Academy-Tagging Inc. Currently, this school was continually accepting and molding young generation through academic excellence and moral values. Background of the Study The proponents discovered several difficulties about their existing system.It is experiencing different complications through organizing, managing and sorting data by doing it manually. It also consumes a lot of time and effort to reach specific student's information in order for them to edit and add information. Faculty teachers spend a lot of time by writing every students information to their record book as their verification that the students were officially enrolled in Amazing Grace Academy – Tagging Inc. Fortunately, by the concern of the proponents, a new and improved system will be created. This will help them to manage several students' information easily and in a quickest way.It will also lessen the time and effort to document all of the student's information to be their record as their official dents. Admit can easily find, edit and add student's information by searching the student's number, name, section or students school level, and other information of the student using computers owned by the school. Admit can also determine if the student, were transferred from other school, their medical records and school records. Furthermore, the admit can verify an official student by having a registration form in each student.Conceptual Framework Theoretical Framework The act Of recording data or information Of a certain person is called registration. Registering is very useful in recording information for us to know the fact about the person. Usually something is registered to claim more rights, or to protect ownership, or because the law says it must be registered to be used legally. It was use in Births, Deaths and marriages to prove the date and the event happened, in Motor vehicles to prove who owns the vehicle and to identify them and in Books to show the date when copyright protection starts.It was also created to fight crimes. To turn back to 1760 is to realize just how much the world has changed since Load's Register was founded. At that time the sailing ship was the only reliable and speedy form of transport and the steam engine's full potential was only just being developed. Industrialization of the western world had not yet accelerated to encourage the wide-spread exploitation of natural resources such as oil and gas, and the nuclear and jet ages were not even envisaged.The Society for the Registry of Shipping was set up in 1760 by customers of Edward Load's Coffee House in Lombard Street, London. The aim was to give merchants and underwriters recorded information on the quality of their vessels. The Register Book listed vessels rated, or classed, after the condition Of their hulls and equipment had been surveyed. The subscriptions generated by the Register Book paid for the surveyors to carry out the work. This was the true beginning of classification and the Society was the world's first classification society.With its base in one of the world's leading manufacturing nations, the expertise and reputation of Load's Register became attractive to many organizations overseas eager to have assurance on the quality of goods being produced in and shipped from the UK. The First World War brought further opportunities to demonstrate the effectiveness of inspection as means to provide an assurance of quality, from shell steel made for the French, to copper pipes and other products made for shipping in the USA.By 1934 surveyors were inspecting ten million cubic feet of cold storage, not just in the UK but in places such as Antwerp and Basal, Leopoldville and Mated in the Congo, and Singapore. During the Second World War the demands of war accelerated the pace Of change in shipping and industry and Load's Register helped validate many of the innovations. Reconstruction work following the war allowed Load's Register to gradually revive its activities overseas. The mid-shoos saw a long boom in shipping with many new challenges as shipping and shipbuilding influence shifted towards the east.Load's Register saw remarkable growth of its non-marine operations. In the decades following 1960, Load's Register facilitated change as the shipping boom contain due. Ships became ever larger and centralization changed the world by revolutionize the flow of goods. The oil crisis of the early sass led to a deep depression in shipping, but Load's Register rode the tort through its involvement with the expanding energy industry and offshore business, led by the pioneering development for extraction of oil and gas under the North Sea.There followed another difficult period as shipping scarcely grew in terms of tonnage until 1990. At the same time the offshore industry suffered from a collapse in oil prices. Nevertheless, Load's Register strengthened its position in Asia, diversified its offshore operations around the world and consolidated its position as the leading classification society for passenger ships and liquefied natural gas (LONG) carriers. One of the most striking developments was the success of Load's Register Quality Assurance (LIRA), a management systems business established in 1985.A consultancy-based rail business was first considered in the early 1 sass and Load's Register Rail was formed in 1996. Real growth began only a decade later as governments around the world invested massive sums in major rail projects from the Netherlands to Dublin and Taiwan. In the past decade, Load's Register has undergone a cultural transformation to ensure greater financial and commercial awareness. The organization mutinous to grow and serve client needs, remaining competitive in a rapidly changing world.On 2 July 201 2, Load's Register converted its status from an industrial and provident society to a company limited by shares, called Load's Register Group Limited. The shares in Load's Register Group Limited are owned by a new parent, Load's Register Foundation, a registered charity. Scope and Limitations The proponents are in the process of creating Am azing Grace Academy – Tagging Inc. Registration System which allows the user to add, edit, save and record the student's information. It holds a large amount of different dent's information. This stores different information for a long period of time.The user can instantly look for the student's information by using the search engine. Lastly, it is able to print the summary report Of the information of different students. Restrictions were discovered by the proponents while creating their School's Registration System. They discovered that the administrator of the school is merely capable of accessing the School's Registration System and design for the students and staff of Amazing Grace Academy – Tagging Inc. The user is capable of accessing the system by using the application given by the represents.If the user misspelled his/her password while typing, he/she is able to attempt three (3) times to access the School's Registration System. While the user is accessing the system, he/she is allowed to register students from nursery level to grade 6 levels. Finally, the Registration System is merely capable of accessing for Windows 7 and Windows 8. Statement of the Problem Based on the proponents, the general problems Of the study are the following. 1 . What are the software and hardware requirements for the School's Registration System? 2. How many information of the students will be stored n the proponent's system? . How does the proponent's system will improve the work of the user? 4. How does the developed system can maintain every records of the student? 5. What are the advantages and disadvantages? Significance of the Study This study will be significant to the main users of the Amazing Grace Academy – Tagging Inc. It will help them to process a large amount of students information in a faster and accurate way. At the same time, a bunch Of students can accommodate conveniently. Personnel who are assigned to register different information of the students can also aim the convenience aired by the proponent's system.Despite the fact that it can bring convenience to the users; it minimizes the time and effort of the users to register a lot of essential information. This study can also provide ideas to the researchers regarding with proponent's study in understandable way. This will serves as a fresh ground for the researchers who study will be related in the field of Computer Science. Furthermore, it helps the ability of the proponents on how to build a comprehensible computerized system. This will provide them as a challenge to do a better system.

How Fast Food Affects Child Obesity

Obesity has become and increasing problem in the United States for the past few years. Not only has it affected adults but now children at an alarming rate. Fast food is the cause of a lot of overweight children and needs to be addressed immediately. According to CBS news, billions of dollars each year are spent buying fast food. Parents have become lazy when it comes to providing their children with basic essential nutrients. I feel as though children are becoming more overweight because they’re eating very fattening foods and not having any extracurricular activities. Schools must become more aware of the situation and make physical education a priority. If certain schools don’t enforce physical education then the parents have to involve their children in after school activities. CBS news expresses concern that children are becoming more prone to serious health risks and life altering illnesses because of obesity. Fast foods are filled with high doses of sugar, fats, starch and salts which are served in large portions. Rutuja Jathar feels consumers are tricked by fast food companies because of their low prices but evidently are paying a high price when it comes to their health. I have seen documentaries and reality shows such as supersize me, fast food nation and the future of food which talk about overweight children and adults who are constantly eating fatty foods and drinking large amounts of soda every day. Parents do not realize the amount of damage they are causing and potentially leading their child to death. I believe that children who are overweight are not only affected physically but emotionally and mentally. Based on personal experiences children who have been overweight for majority of their lives are more likely to become depressed, teased and may lead to other dangerous routes such as suicide. To support my statement an article called â€Å"Childhood Obesity: Effects on your Child† says being overweight can cause low self esteem, behavior and learning problems, stress and anxiety, comfort eating and depression. They become very self conscious and shy because they feel as though people will look at them differently due to their weight. Children who are obese are not to blame; it’s the parents who are at fault. A child only does what their parents allow them to do. Children do not have money to go out and buy these foods for their selves; their parents to do it. Parents need to become more responsible when it comes to what their children are eating. A child does not know any better but their parents do. According to Rutuja Jathar’s article studies show that boys and girls between the ages of four and nineteen eat fast food on a regular basis. That would includes fattening foods not just from McDonalds but from restaurants such as Friday’s, Chili’s, Cheesecake Factory, etc. It is my belief that parents are enabling their children to live unhealthy lives which will lead them on a path of never ending health issues. Also children are still growing so they need the essential vitamins to help with their growth. An article posted by Michael Adams say that statistics are showing that between 10% and 15% of children within the United States are overweight and does not include the ones who are at risk of becoming overweight. He also discusses other factors that contribute to children being overweight such as television, video games and advertising. Interesting enough he talks about most parents living hectic lives so in many cases they don’t have time to prepare a healthy meal and therefore resort to fast food. It continues saying the bad part about it is that parents who have that hectic lifestyle end up making it an everyday routine where their children are eating fast food. Adams makes an important point stating that if a child wants a double cheese burger, a large order of fries and coke that child will end up consuming 1340 calories and 53 grams of fat in one meal. Adults are to consume 2,000 calories a day and children less than that. Basically what Adams is trying to say is childr en are eating a whole days worth of calories and fat in one meal. To relieve this crisis parents can look at more creative ways of serving their kids healthier food. Rutuja Jathar says that fast food doesn’t make a child full, but because of the high amount of starch in the servings they will only become hungrier. As a result they will acquire more weight. An idea that parents can use to get their kids eating healthier is to make them involved with preparing their own meals. This way kids will be more motivated to eat the healthier choice and will feel a sense of accomplishment. Instead of frying the foods try to use healthier methods of cooking such as baking and broiling. Also like I stated earlier getting children involved in extracurricular activities will help kids burn off the carbohydrates and fat. To conclude child obesity is becoming an increasing issue. Children who are growing up in today’s society who are obese are most likely to be obese into adulthood. We have to stop making excuses as to why this problem is what it is. These children are not adding value to their lives and can die at such young ages. Fast food plays a large role in the amount of overweight children but it is not to blame. Parents are responsible for the livelihood of their children and must do better. Doctors must do better also when it comes to educating parents about the important nutrients and foods their children need stay healthy. Our society needs to encourage kids to become more active and choose healthier eating habits. The children are our future and without them there wouldn’t be one.

An Aberration or a Logical Outcome of the American Ideology Assignment

An Aberration or a Logical Outcome of the American Ideology - Assignment Example   Kramer insists that the increasing numbers of American couples opting to separate rather than stay together are the direct fallout of the value system and lifestyle that America collectively espouses. Kramer’s basic contention is that the contemporary emphasis on the autonomy of the individual as the foundation of a good relationship is what causes more frequent breakups. This emphasis may be in the form of the psychiatrist’s advice to the couple to stand their own ground in an argument; or may be reflected in classic American literature like Thoreau’s ‘self-help book’ Walden, which celebrates the individual spirit; or in the economic ideal of Capitalism that America proudly ‘exports’; and other such ideas fundamental to the American way of life. Despite the changed contexts and newer developments since the publication of Kramer’s article, it remains a text that is still valid and instructive in analyzing a pervasive social ph enomenon visible in the United States even today. Even though fifteen years have passed since it was first published, Kramer’s arguments still stand up to scrutiny. A recent article on CNBC reveals how because of the growing acceptance and maturing of the ‘two-income family model’, divorce rates have actually been falling over the last decade in America. It reveals how in the 1970s initially, there was a sudden surge in divorce rates with more and more women joining the workforce and divorce laws.

Industry Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Industry Analysis - Essay Example There are many factors that have made Unilever successful and some of these factors include management, employees, technology, customers, and product quality and product size among others. Unilever has an effective management that focuses on achieving the organization’s objectives and goals. The management cooperates with the employees to ensure that all organizational activities are carried out effectively. Strong and talented management is very important in any organization, it is the key success factor in an organization, and having a good management team is necessary, as it will get all activities done on time and effectively. Employees form part of important success factors in an organization. Employees’ turnover and commitment is very important as this determines the productivity in an organization. The presence of educated and dedicated employees increases the company’s success rate. Therefore, highly qualified and educated management team and employees de termines organization’s productivity, effectiveness and success. Technology also is a determining factor in an organization since there is no company that can survive or flourish without dated and high-tech. the quality and type of technologies used in a company determines its position and success based on the quality of the products it produces. In addition, for the company to be successful, it must have potential and consistent customers who increase the company’s profitability. The company needs to satisfy its customers and retain them in order to generate more profits. If customers feel happy and satisfied, the company will be able to attract more consumers and retain the existing ones hence more profit. Furthermore, product quality and cost also determine the success of a company. For instance, the company should offer high quality products at an affordable price to its customers. Today, many customers are

Persuasive Campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Persuasive Campaign - Essay Example For example, diabetes and hypertension patients are put into consideration during the production since the company’s research and development team establishes a differentiated product for that particular group of people (p.2). Arguably, the Morning Flakes product is classified into the different categories to ensure that all the neglected niches acquire the benefit of dining on healthy cereals during their meals. Methods of marketing the product The research and development process of the persuasive campaigns The survey undertaken by the company’s R&D team revealed that most of the population in developing economies comprised of the baby-boomer generation who are currently living within the range of 50 years. Marketing campaigns seek to enhance a company’s penetration to the consumers at both the local and the global platforms (p.39). Bearing such findings in mind, the research study enabled the team to table a proposal seeking the management of to produce a prod uct that would serve the segment needs of these groups of people. Most important was the fact that the team discovered the generation’s financial prowess, which communicated a level of enhanced benefits to the organization if the production, processing, and marketing campaign programs would seek to serve the needs and wants of the mature segment. During the company’s research and development process, the company’s employees realized that most of the poor families in the global societies lacked basic meals because of the costs executed to such products. Further, lack of knowledgeable information from the media prevailed as a key hindrance to the desired level of marginal consumption. The campaign processes and strategic approaches to the product’s marketing It was evident that the company’s campaign teams would market its standardized and customized Morning Flakes products in accordance to the specific segment’s needs and wants. Subsequently, an exploratory survey undertaken in the developing economies revealed that the ageing population had financial prowess compared with the younger generations. The researchers’ strategically established that the needs and wants of the consumer groups in the developing and underdeveloped economies matched mainly because of their financial status. Further, the marketing campaign teams sort to use differentiated advertisement approaches that suited different global cultures, but included the prospective benefits that each of the demographic categories would accrue through the consumption of the cereals (p.119). The strategic implementation of actionable advertisements in television and radio media seemed the most appropriate method to achieve the consumers’ desires, draw their interests, and engage them on lasting awareness on the product’s availability. The process of marketing campaigns for Morning Flakes’ cereal products is saliently executed in accordance to the target consumer groups, the economic and social status, the standards of living, and the societies’ standards of living. Ideally, the marketers embrace the process of persuading the consumers to purchase the cereals through the execution of favorable marketing campai

The Differences in Performance Between Various Companies Research Paper

The Differences in Performance Between Various Companies - Research Paper Example There are a number of Work/Life events where employees at SAS get guidance on other matters that may affect their productivity at the workplace. During these events, all the employees interact and share the problems as a collective unit. All these activities give the employees motivation to work hard as well as creating a cohesive group. According to Thibaut and Kelley’s classic (1959) interdependence theory, alternatives give rise to options. As such, if the costs are more than the rewards, they are likely to leave the group, but if the rewards are more than the costs, they are likely to stay on and work hard to ensure that there is a success in the group (Attractions). The work environment at the SAS Company is unique making the employees motivated from the rewards within the group. This makes them stay in the company and work hard towards its success. Another successful company that deals in computer software are Cisco. The company provides high salaries to its employees in comparison to other companies. Cisco communicates the long-term strategy indicating that the work, which employees do, is more than just a job (CNN, 2011). They, therefore, strive to change the way employees work and live by giving them a comfortable pay. This gives the employees motivation since they work hard hence the success of the company. Further insight into Thibaut and Kelley interdependence theory highlights the issue of rewards and costs comes in place (Attractions). The salary, which the employees at Cisco Company receive, is high thus their allegiance to the company. The Company trains its employees on the culture to embrace.

Creating Powerful Performance Profiles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Creating Powerful Performance Profiles - Essay Example The talent director will use his skills to coordinate all programs on this direction. Once a year, the director reviews the standard recruiting procedures. In addition, there is a two week time frame for developing recruiting strategies for each sector within the organization. The talent director is has one month to source candidates for any vacancies. This occurs through advertisements, screening, interviews and pre-employment procedures. Three days after being engaged, new employees will be required to undergo in-house training programs to acquaint them with operations within the organization. This requires the talent manager to fully understand all operations in order to offer effective guidance to new employees. The talent manager will use his understanding of HR related laws and regulations in ensuring that the organization fully abides to every requirement. Monthly reviews are conducted with the aim of gauging the performance of the department in this respect. On the weekly briefings with the top managers, the talent director informs the management on the all new developments regarding the department. In addition, the talent director prepares performance reports on monthly basis which are supplied to the management of the organization. On this, the director puts into use the skills on communication and collaborative engagement. As a sales executive, I will be required to find market for the car company which sells vehicles in the region. This will also involve arranging and coordinating client demonstrations while providing them with competitive options and quotations. In addition, the sales executive will also be required to create an effective sales staff by providing quality guidance on the recruitment, interviewing and training of all the sales staff in the organization. Lastly, the sales executive prepares accurate weekly reports to the management while also preparing elaborate monthly report on the overall performance of

Analysis and Evaluation of Scotch Whisky Industry Coursework

Analysis and Evaluation of Scotch Whisky Industry - Coursework Example Production of scotch whiskey has adversely been affected by declining revenues and slow growth for the past 5 years. This is attributable to declining per capita consumption of spirits, health and societal concerns about the misuse of alcohol and tough competition from its close substitutes. One of the major drivers of growth was the exports before the onset of the financial crisis, which slowed down the markets in US and Europe. Effects of global restructuring and cost-cutting measures on the Scotch whisky industry Diageo, as part of its restructuring plan reported that it would close down its Port Dundas grain whisky distillery and the Kilmarnock bottling plant. The latter is where the world’s most popular Scotch whisky, Johnnie Walker, had been bottled. This would cost about 710 jobs. Diageo also intend to expand its Leven plant and create about 400 jobs. A protest ensued from the stakeholders but the decision was ultimately undertaken by Diageo. Another whisky producer Why te & Mackay cut 85 jobs in Scotland. These signal decisions by producers to shift bottling overseas due to increased costs and the emerging economies, which have become important markets. Shifting production processes offshore will have an impact on production of other spirits in Scotland, which rely on the economies of scale by large-scale whisky distilling and bottling to remain operational. Analysis of Scotch whisky in terms of market segmentation . In 2008, Scotch whisky was overtaken by vodka as the highest selling spirit in the UK. However it is easily the most popular UK spirit exports with revenues of ?3.0 billion in 2009. Under the UK law, Scotch whisky must be produced in Scotland. It divided into 3 major types: single grain, single malt or blended. When blended, Scotch comprises 60 percent to 85 percent grain whisky. Its alcohol content ranges from 40 percent to 95 percent by volume. The Scotch whisky industry directly employs about 10,000 people at over 100 distilleries in Scotland. Famous Grouse and Bell’s are the top brands of blended Scotch whisky in the UK. Imported whiskies account for only 4.0 per cent of spirits sales. Included in this category are Irish whiskey, US and Canadian whiskey and Indian whisky. US-produced corn whiskey (bourbon) has demonstrated solid growth in the United Kingdom, particularly among younger drinkers. Markets for Scotch whisky industry Scotch whisky accounts for majority of the exports, followed by vodka and gin. By the year 2011-12, it is expected that exports will account for 88 percent of industry revenue. Scotch whisky’s major export markets are the US, France, Spain, Singapore and South Korea. India and China are becoming increasing important too. Business and production locations for Scotch whiskey There are four major producing regions in Scotland: the Highlands, the Lowlands, Islay and Campbeltown, Speyside is home to more than half of the distilleries in the UK. Scotland also accounts for mos t of the production of spirits other than whisky, including vodka, gin, rum and ready-to-drink beverages. Combining existing production facilities, bottling capacity and distribution channels with production of other spirits provides tremendous economies of scale for spirits producers. In the past two years, more than ?500 million has been spent on new infrastructure in the region. Key Success Factors of the Scotch whisky industry The most important Key Success Facto

Public vs private management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public vs private management - Research Paper Example The first difference is on the ownership of the organization where the public sectors are run and financed by the government, and the private sector is operated and owned by the corporation or the private owners. In the public sector, all employees including the managers work for the governments while the employees in the private sector work for the organization (Dresang, 2009). The other difference between the two sectors is that public sectors are established by law. This fact discourages managers from changing the laws depending on the changing conditions. On the other hand, directors in a private sector can change the objective when necessary. The output of a private sector can be valued by the paying customers. This is easily captured on the organization’s objectives, missions and decision criteria. However, it may not be easy for the market forces to dictate the gains of a public sector entity (Mgbeke, 2009). Therefore, private sectors have the responsibility to generate satisfactory returns on their investment and private investors get more motivation to put more investments. Contrary to this, public sectors still have the assumption that their capital is free, and the need to gain massive profits are ignored (Dresang, 2009). Skills One skill a public manager should develop is the ability to communicate with the public. The communication with the pubic and other outsiders is a paramount and effective skill for the public manager.

Statistics for managers individual work wk12 Coursework

Statistics for managers individual work wk12 - Coursework Example From the foregoing, QC can be referred to as the technical undertakings used to ascertain that the gathered data are sufficient for the purposes of quality assessment. This comprises feedback mechanisms to ensure undertakings are operating as intended and planned, and to confirm that processes being done satisfactorily (Evans, and Olson, 2010). For instance, to ensure reliability and effectiveness of RTWQ (Real-Time Water Quality) Monitoring Program, QC procedures must be executed. The QC program components may include: maintenance and inspection of installation of RTWQ station, regular calibration and maintenance of the probe alongside its sensors, and collection of grab sample of water quality at the reinstallation period of the probe to be taken to the laboratory for assessment, among others. In theory, quality control for analytic performance comprises two complementary events: external QC and internal QC. The external QC entails reference aid from several other laboratories and involvement in international and/or national inter-laboratory data and sample exchange programs (skill testing; third line control) (Evans, and Olson, 2010). On the other hand, the internal QC entails the in-house processes for continual monitoring of tasks and systematic daily checking of the generated data whether such are adequately reliable to be out. The processes mainly monitor the partiality of data with the aid of control samples as well as the precision using duplicate analyses of the control samples and/or the test samples (Evans, and Olson, 2010). These events happen at batch level (second line control). Data modeling refers to the process utilized to described and assesses data necessities required to back the business operations within the extent of corresponding systems of information in corporations. The data modeling process, therefore, entails expert data modelers operating closely with corporate shareholders, alongside prospective

The HTML page Essay Example for Free

The HTML page Essay HTML which stands for Hyper Text Markup Language is a scripting language which is primarily used for building web pages (W3C. org, 2007). The language is an interpreted language and used extensively to build a standard website. The web pages are linked together using the features of the HTML alone where it creates hyperlinks to join pages. All these combined web pages are hosted to the internet and is registered under a domain that facilitates it to have an Internet Protocol address to access it over the internet domain. The HTML can be explained as follows: †¢ Hyper Text – It usually implies several variants of text that can be used for displaying information over the web page to the internet users. It can also embed objects like pictures, static and moving graphics and video in the web pages using the options available for its representation. †¢ Markup Language – It is called so as it belongs to the family of markup languages which puts or assigns tags to the text so that their representation is enhanced (W3Schools.com, 2007). For example, representing text in paragraphs, tables and others. Internet browsers use the HTML in a very unique manner. The process is as follows: †¢ To generate a web page, a request for the page requires to be made. The IP address or the domain name is typed in the address bar and pressed enter. †¢ The request now travels across the network and hits the nearest DNS (Domain naming service) server where the domain name is resolved. †¢ The web page request is done at this moment. †¢ The HTML page once fetched is interpreted by the browser and displayed in the browser using the tags specified. †¢ The page layout is according to the instructions in the HTML source. Internet browsers provide an excellent facility to interpret the HTML page with the specified instructions. References W3Schools. com (2007). Retrieved 10, November 2007 from http://www. w3schools. com/html/html_intro. asp. W3C. org (2007). Retrieved 10, November 2007 from http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/

Investigation of Fracture Energy GF

Investigation of Fracture Energy GF ABSTRACT Concretes inherent brittleness, low tensile strength and premature micro-cracking phenomena can be improved, in the bulk material, by embedment of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), the 1-D allotrope of carbon which exhibit a remarkable combination of mechanical and transport properties. The present research aims in investigating the fracture energy, Gf, of modified cement mortar with Multi Wall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) under 3-point bending test with acoustic emission (AE). According to Rilem recommendation, it is reported that using the fracture toughness of mortars reinforced with variable loadings of multi-walled carbon nanotubes it can be determined the fracture energy, Gf. Moreover, it is widely known that fracture energy depends on both geometry and size of the test specimen. The results of load, CMOD, AE-activity and AE-energy are analyzed. 1. Introduction As the most widely used structural materials, concrete has been developed to meet constantly renewed requirements raised by construction of more and more structures [1]. Great research efforts are continuously invested towards improving its inherent brittleness, low tensile strength and premature micro-cracking phenomena by the introduction of third phases throughout its volume. While endowment of reinforcement and ductility are conventionally achieved through embedment of steel rods, additional reinforcement of the continuous phase can be achieved through the introduction of other micro- and nano-scale media [2-5]. However, an obvious shortage of concrete with largely enhanced strength grade is brittleness, which is of great concern related to the structural safety. Recent studies have focused on improving the properties of concrete with the addition of nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or carbon nanofibers (CNFs). In addition, fibers control the crack patterns and determine failure modes of concrete members [6-9]. There are many fibers utilized in cement and concrete materials. The most common fibers are glass, carbon, aramid, polypropylene, and basalt fibers. The revolutionary one-dimensional allotrope of carbon with Youngs moduli approaching 1.4 TPa, seven times higher than of high-strength steel and tensile strengths above 100GPa, fifty times higher than the same reference material. At this moment the nanocomposite materials are considered the next generation materials for electronics, aeronautical, civil engineering and other applications [4, 10-13]. Carbon nanotubes have minimum diameters of 0.4nm and are classified as single- or multi-walled (SWCNTs and MWCNTs, respectively) and they produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and its variants (low pressure, thermal, catalytic and others). The most popular and affordable choice due to low commercial price are the ÃŽÅ“WCNTs but they have slightly inferior performance than SWCNTS which are lot expensive. Carbon nanofibers (CNFs), a similar nanostructured material comprised of cylindrically-shaped arrangements of stacked graphene plates or cones, have also been suggested as nano-re inforcements for concrete [14]. At nanocomposite materials a very important factor which will enable efficient load transfer from the cement matrix to the tubes, is the achievement of homogeneous dispersion of tubes within the continuous phase. The dispersion of MWCNTs, ideally without significant reduction in their high initial length and aspect ratio, usually achieved through the use of surfactants and sonication processes. This part attracts rigorous scientific efforts because CNTs tend to agglomerate together due to their high surface area and the strong Van der Waals forces acting between them. The agglomerates are responsible not only for stress concentration within the cement matrix which leads to strength degradation during service life, but also to premature crack initiation and propagation [15, 16]. On the other hand, there are a lot of studies which have referenced that surfactants create side-effects in cement matrix. Makar et al. reported strong early-age bonds between cement paste and CNTs[17]. Yazdanbakhsh [14] reported incompatibility issues, during the hydration phase, between cement base and the surfactants used for improving CNT dispersion. In addition the study observed reduction in aspect ratio length/diameter of MWCNT during exposure of the tubes to the high sonication energies required for disentanglement. It was suggested that the favorable dispersion characteristics found in aqueous environment does not guarantee a similarly favorable dispersion within the cement matrix. Enhancement of cements flexural toughness by CNTs hasnt been investigated largely by researchers and so there isnt a wide variety of reports. To the authors knowledge only one reference, Stynoski et al. [18] studied the fracture properties of Portland cement mortars containing carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers and silica fume using notched three-point bending test. They observed that using silica fume and carbon nanotubes together there was improvement in toughness about 35% and increment about 56% on critical crack tip opening displacement (CTODc) at 28 days. In addition using only carbon nanotubes provided. On the other hand, using only carbon nanotubes serves to increase in fracture toughness of about 5-10% at 7 and 28 days of age. In addition, the effect of carbon nanotubes has as result to increment the CTODc about 20% improvement at 28 days. But there are several of investigations which study the fracture properties of micro-fiber reinforced mortar with various additives. For exa mple, Moukwa et al. [19] studied the effect of alumino-silicate clays on the critical stress intensity factor and CTODc. They found that the use of silica fume and alumino-silicate clays increased the values of KIC, CTODC and the compressive strength of cementitious materials. In addition alumino-silicate clays are incorporated as substitutes for a fraction of the cement, the total porosity of hardened mixtures increases compared to that of hardened cement paste with no clay addition. Sarker et al. [20] studied the fracture behavior of geopolymer concrete (GPC) as compared to OPC concrete of similar compressive strength and containing the same size and type of aggregates. They found that the failure modes of the heat cured GPC specimens were generally more brittle than those of the OPC concrete specimens. Fracture energy of geopolymer concrete was similar to that of OPC concrete and fracture energy increased with compressive strength in both types of concrete. The critical stress in tensity factor of the GPC specimens was higher than that of the OPC concrete specimens for the same compressive strength and the difference in the fracture behaviors of GPC and OPC concrete is because of the higher bond and tensile strengths of GPC. Das et al. [21] replaced ordinary Portland cement (OPC) by limestone or a combination of limestone and fly ash/metakaolin and they observed that the new phases inside the mortar matrix can lead to enhanced fracture mechanics properties and ductility. Nikbin et al. [22] studied the fracture characteristics, such as fracture energy and Kic, of self-compacting concrete using notched three-point bend specimens for specimens with different coarse aggregate volume percent. 2. Materials and Test Methods 2.1. Materials, specimens and testing The Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) that used in the present work were synthesized via catalytic chemical vapor deposition and were commercially available by Shenzhen Nanotech Port Co. Ltd. (Shenzhen, China). Their nominal purity was higher than 97% and their amorphous carbon content was less than 3%. The nominal tube diameter ranged from 20 to 40 nm while their length ranged from 5 to 15 ÃŽÂ ¼m. In table 1 is shown the properties of multi-wall carbon nanotubes. Viscocrete Ultra 300 (Sika AG, Baar, Switzerland), a water-based superplasticizer comprised of polycarboxylate polymers was used as dispersion assistive agent; it was selected based on its efficiency in inhibiting air entrapment inside the specimens as well as because of its excellent resistance to mechanical and chemical attack. Table 1: Properties of multi-wall carbon nanotubes Parameters Values Type multi-wall CNTs Length 5-15 ÃŽÂ ¼m Main range of diameter 20-40 nm Production method: catalyzed CVD Purity à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 95% Ash à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 0.2 wt% Special surface area 40-300 m3/g Amorphous carbon à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 3% For the production of nanocomposite mortar with tube loadings variable within 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 0.8 wt% of cement, the following experimental protocol was adopted. Initially, superplasticer with MWCNTs at a ratio of 1.5/1 added in regular tap water and then follow magnetic stirring for 2 min. The resultant suspensions were subsequently ultrasonicated for 90 min at room temperature by aid of a Hielscher UP400S device (Hielscher Ultrasonics GmbH, Teltow, Germany) equipped with a cylindrical 22 mm diameter sonotrode delivering a power throughput of 4500 J/min at a frequency of 24 kHz. The specific combination of ultrasonication parameters was established as optimal for achievement of suspension homogeneity without tube aspect ratio impairment [15]. The ultrasonicated suspensions were transferred, along with ordinary Portland cement type I 42.5N and natural sand into the bucket of a rotary mixer where it was mixed for a total of 4 minutes, in low and high speeds sequentially, as per standard test method BS EN 196-1. Immediately after mixing, the fresh mortar was poured into metallic oiled formworks, volumes of 160x40x40 mm3, where it was left for 24 hours before demolding and subsequent placement into a 100% humidity room for duration of 28 days. A total 50 specimens were prepared, divided into two sets of five specimens at each CNT formulation, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 wt% of cement. In one set, suspensions were further processed in a vacuum environment for removal of entrapped air before they were mixed with the cement and sand by aid of a rotary mixer. Additional mixtures without nanotubes were also prepared for reference purposes. The above procedure is shown schematically in fig. 1. After 28 days maturation were created a notch in specimens with cut-wheel with depth 20mm. Figure 1: Schematic representation of the nano-modifield mortars manufacturing process [5] In addition fig. 2 depicts the as-processed state of MWCNT-reinforced concrete specimens with varying tube loadings. The bottom row depicts reference specimens, whereas the top and middle rows show specimens with tube loadings of 0.6 and 0.2 wt% of cement, respectively, wherein porosity appears to increase with nano-reinforcement concentration. Figure 2: Various amounts of carbon nanotube loadings inside cement matrix: 0.6 wt% of cement (top row), 0.2 wt% of cement (middle row) and plain cement (bottom row) 2.2 Acoustic Emission Monitoring Large concrete structures like buildings, storage tanks, bridges, dams, offshore structures, flyovers require reliable non-destructive testing methods for assessing structure integrity. Acoustic emission is a widely used technique for monitoring concrete structures, and is based on the phenomenon of the rapid release of energy from different localized sources inside a material generating elastic waves [23]. Such stress waves propagate through the solid due to energy released during the deformation process and the amount of acoustic energy released depends on the size, the speed of the local deformation process and the material. AE can detect lesions such as crack growth, fracture growth, monitoring deformations, corrosion etc. in a wide range of materials. The transducers are usually piezoelectric and transform the energy of the transient elastic wave to an electric waveform which is digitized and stored. The AE sensors record the accumulated activity which is indicative of the sever ity of cracking. Certain indices based on the magnitude or the number of the AE signals has been employed successfully in the health monitoring of heterogeneous structural materials like concrete and composites. In addition, when multiple sensors are applied, apart from the number of AE hits, it is possible to be found the source of events because of the time delay between the acquisitions of the corresponding signals at different sensors. This allows the estimation of which part of the material needs repair, which is of paramount importance for large-scale structures. Also via AE the materials mode of fracture can be studied and characterized [24-26]. However, there are other important aspects of the AE testing, which are based on the qualitative parameters of the received signals. It has been seen that the shape of the waveform is indicative of the fracture type, something very important for the classification of cracks in different materials. Shear cracks follow tensile cracks as damage is being accumulated within the material. Therefore, the characterization of the cracking mode can act as a warning against final failure. It has been shown that tensile events are linked to higher frequency content and higher RA value, fig. 3, than shear [27-30]. This is mainly due to the larger part of energy transmitted in the form of shear waves, which are slower; therefore, the maximum peak of the waveform delays considerably compared to the onset of the initial longitudinal arrivals, This kind of classification has proven useful in laboratory conditions concerning corrosion cracking in concrete, fracture of cross-ply laminates, as well as d iscrimination between tensile matrix cracking and fiber pull-out during bending of steel-fiber reinforced concrete [31, 32]. In fig. 3 and in fig. 4 is given a typical AE signal and a typical AE signal due to different types of fracture respectively. Figure 3: Typical AE signal and parameters Figure 4: Typical AE signals due to different types of fracture 2.3 Mechanical performance Determination of the fracture toughness by means of three-point bend tests on notched beams In the present study for calculation of the critical fracture toughness of cementitious materials used the Hilleborgs [33] crack model of concrete which is similar with Dugdale-Barenblatt crack model of metals. For cementitious composite materials, such as mortar or concrete, the fracture toughness is determined using linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) considerations. The P-CMOD response is obtained from notched beams, subjected to the center-point loading conà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ guration shown in fig. 5. The tests are performed under CMOD control, where this parameter is measured using a clip gage mounted on knife-edges. The thickness of the knife-edges, d, is taken into account in the calculations. Figure 5: Three-point bend test configuration for notched beam specimen For this geometry, the stress intensity factor (KI) is given by where P is the applied load, a is the crack length and ÃŽÂ ± = a / W is the relative crack length (with S=3W and ÃŽÂ ±o=ao/W=0,25). The geometry dependent function, f(ÃŽÂ ±) is determined using two-dimensional plane stress analysis and is given by Where when when Also, in a similar way, where the dimensionless geometry-dependent function, g(ÃŽÂ ±), is given by Where when when As it is evident from fig. 1, the CMOD is not measured exactly at the notch mouth but at a distance d, which must be taken into account for determining the real value of CMOD from that measured in the test (denoted as CMODMesured). Therefore, The conversion factor kd can be determined, for 1 mm d 6 mm, from The coefficients used to compute kd for the CMOD correction are given in table 2 for different knife-edge thicknesses. Table 2: Coefficients used to compute kd for the CMOD correction d(mm) h1 h2 h3 h4 1 0.0050 275.1 275.9 0.0399 2 0.1508 162.5 163.6 0.0118 3 0.1037 104.1 105.1 0.01631 4 0.0777 76.2 77.2 0.0137 5 0.0623 60.2 61.1 0.0117 6 0.0521 49.7 50.6 0.0106 For large ÃŽÂ ± (> 0,4) the correction is insignificant, hence for specimens with relative notch lengths in the order of 0,4, no correction needs to be applied. Moreover, for thin knife-edges (d Determination of the fracture energy by means of three-point bend tests on notched beams The fracture energy is defined as the amount of energy necessary to create one unit area of a crack. The area of a crack is defined as the projected area on a plane parallel to the main crack direction. This test method is not recommended for fiber-reinforced concrete. The fracture energy is determined by the equation, [N/m (J/] Where, Wo (Nm), is the area under the load-deformation curve shown in fig. 6 (kg) ; m1 = weight of the beam between the supports, calculated as the beam weight multiplied by S/L (fig. 1). The length L of the beam as well as the span S during the test must be measured with an accuracy of at least 1 mm; m2 = weigth of the part of the loading device touching the beam which is not attached to the testing machine, but follows the beam until fracture; g = acceleration due to gravity (9,81 m/s2); ÃŽÂ ´o = deformation of the beam at fracture (m), as shown in fig. 2; Alig = area of the ligament (m2), defined as the projection of the fracture zone on a plane perpendicular to the beam axis. Figure 6: Load-deformation (CMOD) curve Test procedure for fracture energy measurement The test is performed with an approximately constant rate of deformation, which is chosen so that the maximum load is reached within about 30-60 seconds after the start of the test. The deformation of the center of the beam and the corresponding load are registered until the beam is completely separated into two halves. In case the deformation is not measured directly on the specimen it is recommended that before measuring the load-deformation curve the load is cycled 3 times between 5% and 25% of the expected maximum load. The load should be measured with an accuracy of at least 2% of the maximum value in the test. The deformation must be measured with an accuracy of at least 0.01 mm. Finally, the Crack Mouth Opening Displacement (CMOD) will be monitored during the test performed with controlled load in a closed-loop testing machine. The load will be applied at a rate between 2 and 3 N/s. A plot of CMOD versus applied load will be produced. Mechanical characterization under three po int bending testing was performed on an Instron 5967 testing frame (Instron, Norwood, MA, USA) equipped with a 30kN loadcell. For the accurate recording of displacement C.M.O.D were used a Crack Opening Displacement (COD) Gauge extensometer with gauge length 10mm by Instron company. 3. Results and Discussion The effect of CNT presence and concentration to the flexural and compressive strength has investigated in previous study. The researchers were observed that subjection of the suspension to the vacuum-assisted air removal procedure significantly enhanced the materials flexural strength, compared to non-vacuumed suspensions. The maximum improvement in flexural strength, compared to the control specimens for vacuumed suspensions, appeared at 0.4 wt% MWCNT loading and was approximately 17% improvement at 0.2, 0.6 and 0.8 wt% loadings were 12, 10 and 9% respectively [4]. In the present study, the fracture energy of vacuum and non-vacuume nanocomposite mortar, Gf, as the way the fracture energy effects on the acoustic emission energy are investigated. In respect to the flexural strength the researcher observed that the specimens had the similar behavior as shown in table 3. The flexural strength calculated by using the following equation, where L, B, W and a0 are specimens dimensions prese nting in fig. 5. à Ã†â€™ = Table 3: Comparison results of Flexural strength between specimens with and without notch. Flexural Strength[MPa] [4] Flexural Strength with notch[Mpa] CNT loading, wt% of cement Non-VacuumedSuspensions VacuumedSuspensions Non-VacuumedSuspensions VacuumedSuspensions 0 (plain) 5.36  ± 0.38 5.43  ± 0.23 5.72  ± 0.21 5.64  ± 0.25 0.2 4.15  ± 0.28 6.09  ± 0.43 4.73  ± 0.22 5.98  ± 0.11 0.4 4.61  ± 0.48 6.34  ± 0.67 5.00  ± 0.34 6.74  ± 0.13 0.6 4.97  ± 0.36 6.01  ± 0.66 4.83  ± 0.33 6.12  ± 0.31 0.8 4.78  ± 0.21 5.92  ± 0.5 4.87  ± 0.28 6.35  ± 0.39 It is widely known that CNTs increase the mechanical properties. Table 4 shows the results of effect of CNTs to the fracture energy, Gf, for vacuumed and non-vacuumed specimens. It is clearly that CNTs increase the fracture energy and the maximum value appears in the rate of 0.4% wt. cement CNTs. Above the rate of 0.4% there were reduction in the fracture energy however the values of Gf continues are higher than control specimens. In addition, all non-vacuumed specimens showed slightly elevated values than the control specimens but lower for vacuumed specimens because of porosity which is created because of CNTs. Table 4: Comparison results of Fracture energy between Vacuumed and Non-Vacuumed suspensions Fracture Energy [N/m (J/m2)] CNT loading, wt% of cement Non-VacuumedSuspensions VacuumedSuspensions 0 (plain) 1.1655  ± 0.063 1.1281  ± 0.060 0.2 1.1681  ± 0.122 2.0338  ± 0.086 0.4 1.6910  ± 0.115 6.5373  ± 0.369 0.6 2.1460  ± 0.050 2.9987  ± 0.383 0.8 1.8185  ± 0.200 2.4623  ± 0.165 Except for plain specimens which had similar fracture energy, the fracture energy of the specimens which had been in vacuum was increased. Gf of the nanocomposite with 0.2% and 0.4% wt. cement CNTs was found to be higher at about 80% and 479% respectively related to control specimens while for 0.6% and 0.8% wt. cement CNTs was found an increment at about 166% and 118% respectively. On the other hand, non-vacuumed nanocomposite specimens with 0.2% wt. cement CNTs were found it that had limited growth about only 0.2%. Greater increase of approximately 45%, 84% and 56% showed the nanocomposites specimens with 0.4 %, 0.6% and 0.4% wt. cement CNTs respectively. Comparing the two types of mixtures, vacuumed and non-vacuumed, the results showed that the fracture energy increment for all rates for vacuumed specimens. Specifically, for the rates 0.2% and 0.4% wt. cement CNTs the increments were about 74% and 287% respectively while for 0.6% and 0.8% wt. the increments were only 40% and 36% re spectively. The entire above are shown in fig. 7. Finally, fig. 8 shows a typical load-CMOD graph for all rates, 0% up to 0.8% wt. cement CNTs, of vacuumed nanocomposite specimens and non-vacuumed specimens. Figure 7: Diagram of Fracture Energy, Gf, results Figure 8: Typical load-CMOD curve for all rates of nanocomposite specimens for a) vacuumed and b) non-vacuumed are presented. For Acoustic Emission (AE) monitoring in real time under three point bending tests of CNT-reinforced concrete specimens two R15a AE sensors were used, with broadband response ranging from 50 to 400 kHz and a maximum sensitivity at 150 kHz, attached on the lower section of the specimen. The R15a is a narrow band resonant sensor with a high sensitiv

Marriage proposals in Pride and Prejudice Essay

Marriage proposals in Pride and Prejudice Essay The three proposals in Pride and Prejudice to Elizabeth Bennet, or Lizzy, vary greatly in their motivation. They are all involving the upper middle class of the 19th century that Jane Austen had knowledge of. Jane Austen never married, and you can see the kind of person she would have liked to be in Elizabeth. Jane Austen read such books as Mary Wolstencrafts The Rights of Women, and although she does not go as far to criticise womens status, most of her books are about their place in society; this novel being no exception. Pride and Prejudice is about marriage and manners in country society, that women wanted to marry into good fortune, and rich men wanted to marry pretty women. The first sentence in the book sums up the attitude expressed in this book well: It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. Marriages in the period in time this book is based, between the upper middle classes, were often practical. The women needed security for future life, the men wanted children to continue there family and this was the kind of marriage that Mr Collins proposes. He is not proposing out of love, but that he feels he should, and he is sure of Lizzys acceptance. He does however manage to convince himself he does in fact like her: before I am run away with my feelings is one of his first lines during the proposal. The proposal itself is stated in a very long-winded way, however, as soon as Mr Collins has asked for time alone with Lizzy, she knows what it is for; she thinks, it would be wisest to get it over with as soon and as quietly as possible. This is reflected in how she reacts to Mr Collins repeated pleas. All through it he is still convincing himself and trying to convince Lizzy that he is in love, or making any other excuses he can for marrying her. We know he does not love her, as, however, earlier in the book it is said Mr Collins had only to change from Jane to Elizabeth and it was soon done. The proposal was very formal and long; Mr Collins often seems to be speaking a monologue, emphasized by Elizabeth trying to stop him and the complete use of direct speech. These are all similar to the first proposal by Mr Darcy, even if the motivation behind it was very different. They are both certain they will be accepted because of an advantage to Lizzy. It is clear that Mr Collins and Mr Darcy do not know Elizabeth well enough when they propose, as neither chose to ask her a way that she is likely to accept. The second proposal is different in motive from the first, but its manner is similar in many ways. After his early expression of love, which is surprising and awkward: You must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire and love you. Darcy regains his confidence and begins a long explanation of why he loves her. However, what he says is misunderstood by Lizzy as she says with so evident a design of offending and insulting me. Mr Darcy is in fact attempting to explain that he loves her despite her position and connections. Lizzy may have accepted, or been more likely to accept if his timing had been better however, he asks her at a time where she has just recently found out that Darcy was to blame for her sisters troubles, and is very angry with him: Mr Darcys shameful boast about what misery he had been able to inflict. It is not only the timing, if he had known Lizzy well enough he could have guessed the reception she would give to the method of his proposal. This is a similarity to the first proposal, from Mr Collins, but very different to the last. It is only after Mr Darcy has left that Elizabeth realises how much she has overreacted to what he has said to her, and also how ready she had been to believe what anyone had said about him. These feeling are then reinforced after she receives his letter explaining how mistaken she has been about many of his accusations. After thinking over and re-reading the letter several time, she starts to realise she does in fact not hate Darcy as much as she first thought, and even starts to have feelings for him, in spite of what he has done to her sister. This is further exaggerated as Elizabeth discovers he has provided for her sister to get married after she ran away with Mr Wickham. His intentions behind this are clear: if he had not, he would not have been able to marry her, as she would be disgraced. Darcy realises that she may have feelings for him still, after Lizzy refuses to tell Lady Catherine de Bough that she will never marry Mr Darcy and decides to return to Netherfield with Mr B ingley, who he has recently convinced to love Lizzys sister, Jane again. Elizabeth was hoping he would come, but was almost scared too and was expecting that he would stay away and send a letter of excuse. The third and final proposal in the book has little in common with either of the others. It is quick, instead of long winded and this is even more emphasized by the use of reported speech instead of direct. It is however the same in motive to the first proposal by Mr Darcy love. The difference being that this time it is felt in both directions. It is also quite unexpected, though hoped for by them both. Darcy is unsure of how to ask Elizabeth, so she encourages him by taking him for his help with her sisters marriage. This probably caused him to finally believe he may stand a real chance with her and so then proposes. He does so in a way which shows how much better he knows her because it is an equal conversation instead of one or the other thinking themselves superior. It is also far more informal and shows us ways in which they both have changed. Lizzy is less confident, and for once not sure of herself whereas Mr Darcy has realised that to be liked he should not act superior and stubborn. The three proposals received by Lizzy in Pride and Prejudice are contrasting in some ways and are similar in others however, there is nothing or very little in common between all three. The progression in the book is from what Jane Austen believed was the worst kind of marriage, of the kind Mr Collins proposes, to what she believed was best and hoped for herself a fair and equal meeting.

Arthroscopic Surgery :: Free Essays

Arthroscopic shoulder surgery helps many athlete’s speed up the healing process of many shoulder injuries. If an athlete requires some type of shoulder surgery many of them prefer to have the surgery done Arthroscopically so that they can resume playing or training to get back into their sport. Sometimes Arthroscopic surgery will even save some player’s careers. Baseball pitchers are the most common athletes to require shoulder surgery. Their shoulders have a lot of pressure put on them when they pitch. If they don’t properly warm-up their arm they can have serious damage done to their shoulders. One of the most common shoulder injuries is a rotator cuff tear. A rotator cuff tear occurs when one of the four muscles, usually the Supraspinatus, surrounding your shoulder tears. There are two types of rotator cuff tears. An "acute" tear happens when a person experiences a sudden injury, such as falling down onto an outstretched arm, or lifting something very heavy with a jerking motion. The more common tear is a "chronic" tear. A chronic tear occurs over a long period of time, much like a hole getting worn into a sock after years of wear. To fix a rotator cuff tear you will pretty much need surgery. Arthroscopic surgery is the surgery that leaves the least amount of scarring as the surgeon only makes several small incisions (only  ¼- ½ inch long). Bone anchors are usually placed into the humerus and attached to the cuff back down to the humerus where it belongs. These anchors are very small but strong. They are usually made of metal, plastic, or a special material that is absorbed by your body over time. Arthroscopic surgery is preferred by most physicians because of the recovery time and the limited scarring. If the tear is fixed arthroscopically the patient has much less pain than if the tear is fixed with open surgery.

Urban Legend of Cry Baby Bridge :: Urban Legends Ghost Stories

Cry Baby Bridge In April I sat down with a friend at my house and asked about any urban legends or ghost stories he had encountered. After a couple legends he had seen in movies, he mentioned a haunted bridge about ten minutes away from downtown. He is a twenty-one year-old White male; his father owns an appliance store and his mother helps out with the books. He first heard this story in the ninth grade from a couple of friends. Supposedly, they had heard from kids who had actually been to the bridge and heard strange things at night. The bridge is located off of Uniontown road, between a couple old farms. He has not encountered the bridge first hand but still remembers the story surrounding it: About thirty years ago there was a young girl in love with her boyfriend. One day, he convinced her to take their relationship to the next level, telling her how deeply he cared. A couple weeks later, she found out that she had become pregnant, and decided it was best to hide it from him. They kept in close contact over the next few months, and he told her that they would be together forever. When her father realized that she was having a baby without marriage, he made her leave the house until she came back with a husband. When the baby girl was born, she decided to tell the boyfriend about the child, by bringing her to his house. He lived on a small farm right outside town and you had to pass over a small river on a bridge to get back to his house. As she opened the door, she walked in on him with another girl. Filled with anger, (pause) she gets in her car and speeds off. Now she could not return home unmarried and had lost her only love because of this one child. As she looked over at the baby, she is only reminded of her boyfriend and the image of him with the other girl. (tone increases) Finally, she reached the bridge, then slammed on the breaks. She got out and in a moment of rage threw the baby over the bridge to rid her of the baby girl’s troubles. Later that night, the police were tipped off about a murder at the bridge and came to find the girl hanging from the bridge. Urban Legend of Cry Baby Bridge :: Urban Legends Ghost Stories Cry Baby Bridge In April I sat down with a friend at my house and asked about any urban legends or ghost stories he had encountered. After a couple legends he had seen in movies, he mentioned a haunted bridge about ten minutes away from downtown. He is a twenty-one year-old White male; his father owns an appliance store and his mother helps out with the books. He first heard this story in the ninth grade from a couple of friends. Supposedly, they had heard from kids who had actually been to the bridge and heard strange things at night. The bridge is located off of Uniontown road, between a couple old farms. He has not encountered the bridge first hand but still remembers the story surrounding it: About thirty years ago there was a young girl in love with her boyfriend. One day, he convinced her to take their relationship to the next level, telling her how deeply he cared. A couple weeks later, she found out that she had become pregnant, and decided it was best to hide it from him. They kept in close contact over the next few months, and he told her that they would be together forever. When her father realized that she was having a baby without marriage, he made her leave the house until she came back with a husband. When the baby girl was born, she decided to tell the boyfriend about the child, by bringing her to his house. He lived on a small farm right outside town and you had to pass over a small river on a bridge to get back to his house. As she opened the door, she walked in on him with another girl. Filled with anger, (pause) she gets in her car and speeds off. Now she could not return home unmarried and had lost her only love because of this one child. As she looked over at the baby, she is only reminded of her boyfriend and the image of him with the other girl. (tone increases) Finally, she reached the bridge, then slammed on the breaks. She got out and in a moment of rage threw the baby over the bridge to rid her of the baby girl’s troubles. Later that night, the police were tipped off about a murder at the bridge and came to find the girl hanging from the bridge.

Child Shift

The article entitled â€Å"Children Caught in the Crossfire† explores the effects of proper and dysfunctional parenting on Caribbean children. This article identifies dysfunctional homes that foster improper parenting and the impact of psychological and physical absence of parents on their children. It also assesses the consequences of â€Å"child shifting† on affected children. The social impairments of children suffering from â€Å"child shifting† were cross-examined with the various parenting styles they would receive through continuous domestic relocation. Children Caught in the Crossfire† is an interesting article that exploits numerous factors involving parental negligence which causes child shifting. This has become a cliched situation in the Jamaican society as a vast percentage of Jamaican parents have become surprisingly negligent. Whether by improper parenting or defaulted situations, children have suffered from these mal-outcomes and this has become evident through child development assessments explored within the article. This matter of unnecessary mobilitychild shifting is of personal and public interest which has become the drive upon which the research will be carried out. As a tertiary level student that lives and has been cultured within the assessed environment (Jamaican society), my interest has been stimulated to assess the factors surrounding the nature of this negative lifestyle pattern. This article has highlighted my sensitivity to this situation due to personal reflections (to some extent); analytical efforts will be made to completely understand this critical matter that decreases national productivity and development. Conclusively, after assessment of the article putting concepts into proper perspective, the research topic and question is as follows respectively: The impacts of child shifting on the psycho-social development of Jamaican children and what are the effects of child shifting on the psycho-social development of Jamaican children in changing family structures? The subsidiary questions are: what is child shifting and how does it affect child development, what are the causes of child shifting and will victimized children transit consequent behavior into adulthood, what are the social and psychological factors that affect child development and what are the long term implications of child shifting on the social and psychological development of Jamaican children? Tentative Thesis Child shifting strongly impairs the psycho-social development of Jamaican children which causes their inability to function normally during daily social and psychological situations. Relocation of children after divorce and children’s best interests: New evidence and legal considerations. 17 (2), 206-219. Arizona State University & University of California. The article assesses the effects of child relocation after divorces through a persisting legal issue. The article incorporates statistical date with the views of Wallerstein and other theorists that assess the best interests of a relocated child. This legal issue assesses which caregiver would have the least negative effects on child development. This article is a follow-up on another article explored during the research. This article supports the research through the additional clarity gained from a second assessment of Wallerstein’s theory. The article highlights positive and negative aspects of child relocation. This adds to the research’s objectivity bringing about views that support and oppose the researcher’s stance. Jackson, T. (1957). The differential impact of family disorganization. In Johnston, N. , Savitz, L. , Wolfgang, M. E. (Eds. ). (1962), The sociology of crime and delinquency (pp. 331-338). New York & London: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. This chapter assesses the occurrences of delinquency in children from broken homes. These broken homes were not stated as causes of juvenile delinquents though aspects of disorganized families contribute to the development of delinquency and personality problems. The article states that more critical factors affect delinquency as family disorganization complicates the issue. This article directly contrasts the researcher’s views as disorganized families is directly associated with delinquency. Family disorganization via broken homes is the most common cause of child shifting. This broken home fosters child shifting and the negative psycho-social development of the child which commonly causes juvenile delinquency in the Jamaican society. Pasahow, R. (2005). A critical analysis of the first empirical research study on child relocation, Journal of Critical Analysis of Relocation Study, 19, 321-328. This journal assesses Wallerstein’s study of the best interests of children and the effects of child relocation. However, Wallerstein is opposed by several theorists with supportive research findings. Wallerstein posits that child relocation with their custodial parents is in their best interest while opposing views disprove Wallerstein. The scholarly article explores opposing views of several theorists which gives the researcher an understanding of contrasting arguments on child relocation. The source outlines the effects of child relocation in child development depending on custody. This aids the research in finding out the effects of custodial and non-custodial parents on child development. Samms-Vaughn, M. (2005). Children caught in the crossfire. In Ramsay, P. (2009). Blooming with the pouis. Ian Randle Publishers. This article outlines functional and dysfunctional parenting of children in Caribbean homes. It further assesses the effects of child shifting in various domestic settings. These varying domestic settings included dysfunctional homes which are known to be a cause of impaired psycho-social development. This article supports the research as it sets the basis on which the research is done. The article connects child shifting to the dysfunctional homes that typically cause child shifting. This article also states the effects and what would typically happen in later years.

Country Environment Analysis – Singapore

unsophisticated milieu analysis big(p) of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of Singapore Date 12/05/2012 Course BUAD 6500 Prep bed For Dr. Stanford A. Westjohn Prepargond By Emtithal Alhumood, John Baker, Nora Dillon and Yuhong Fu Table of Contents varlet better 1 Macro milieu epitome reckon 3 Social purview 3 Economic Perspective -5 g everyplacenmental Perspective 7 Ch completelyenges to teleph sensation circuit in Singapore 9 Summation of Macro surround Analysis 10 Part 2 Country surroundings Analysis 12 Country environs Analysis tweet 12 Scope of the tourism persistence 12 Areas of hazard and Risk 16Ch solelyenges for US craft in Singapores touristry Industry -19 Country surroundings Analysis Summation 21 Part 1 Macro Environment Analysis Abstract The art slight of Singapore enjoys a risquely veritable and successful save food market thriftiness. The stolon partition of this deal details the economic, social and political aspects of Singapore from a agate line perspective. Further more than(prenominal), this report de disjoint identify and analyze argufys which whatsoever craft moldiness consider upon entry to this ripening marketplace. Social Perspective Geographic topical anesthetic anaesthetic anestheticisation Situated in the northern part of the equator, Singapore lies between Ind championsia and Malaysia.The island has a capacious coastline of 193km. Half of the terrain contains metropolitan aras magic spell reservoirs, contribute military atomic consider 18as, plantations, and greenlands cover 40%. finishing an ara of 699 sq. km. , the awkward is believed to be among the beingnesss some comely lands. groun d As of June 2011, Singapores existence stood at 5. 1 million, making it among the three approximately obtusely populated nations in the b all (MediaCorp Pte Ltd, 2011). Singapore has a multi ethnic tribe with Mandarin, side, Tamil and Malay listed as the surface reachs iv official languages. English is usually used finished and throughout Malaysia and is often referred to as the issue language.Improved healthc ar in the region has solvented in trim down infant death stride yard. However, the overall world egression account is relatively low at 2% from 2009 to 2010. Immig dimensionn is a meaning(a) driver of population fluctuation, as local population pay backth has actually declined in the former(prenominal) decade. Literacy check to the get together Nations Development computer programme Report (2011), Singapore has a literacy measure of 94. 7%, which ranks 75th in worldwide literacy by unpolished. Education is regulated and supervise by the Ministry o f Education which oversees two backstage and public schools. All public schools nurture students using the English language and their inseparable tongue (referred to as Mother mother tongue Language).According to Wikipedia, education outgo typically accounts for 20% of the national annual calculate in Singapore. Cultural Values Singaporeans go through a hierarchical history, and for the local population power di berth is broadly speaking high. consider for authority and social formalities are highly valued in Singapores local culture. Respect for parents, elders, teachers, and employers is held in high regard. Due to the emphasis on family values, Singapore has augmented a collectivized culture which condensees on the bet stipulativirtuosont of friendship as opposed to the individual. Local residents generally express a modest obscureness when communicating with inappropriateers which could be interpreted as feminine in reference to Hofstedes cultural framework. Art / Music / regimenHeld annually, the Singapore Arts Festival is a noteworthy feature in the orbits celebration of the arts. The festival integ rank optical arts, dance, and theatre. Besides hearth participants, worldwide artists are overly showcased. Today, the Festival is an international event. Additionally, the arts centre has traditional and classical practice of medicine representation focusing on the four principal(prenominal) cultures in the soil. Singaporean cuisine abbreviateifies ethnic cultural diversity and nutrition is seen as a uniting cultural strand that is fundamental to their national identity. faith Due to its st prisegic dapple, Singapore is home to more religions. Once it was declared a port, several ethnicities and nationalities from close to the globe immigrated to Singapore. 3% of the population practice Buddhism making it the snapper faith, 18% are Christians, 15% Muslims and 5% are Hindus. Besides, close to 17% of the earth do not practice any religion as they claim to be promiscuous-thinkers (Chong, 2010). Economic Perspective Singapore has a highly developed and successful free-market economy. It enjoys a remarkably open and corruption-free surround, stable prices, and a per capita gross municipal product higher(prenominal) than that of virtually developed countries. The economy depends heavily on exports, oddly in consumer electronics, instruction technology, pharmaceuticals, and pecuniary go. Since the meridianval 1990s a focus on globularization has driven Singapores economy to late(a) levels of maturement and phylogeny. in like manner you dismiss read about biography of the Culinary Arts.It has sign 13 free swop agreements to encourage international duty and it boasts worldwidely competitive tax incentives to excrete international investors. Current gross domestic product disruption Singapores current GDP falls at $239. 7 one tho ground forcesnd thousand. GDP per capita is roughly $60,000 which ranks fifth highest in the global community. According to trading economics. com, Singapore undergo an annual GDP branch rate ordinary of 5. 54% between 2007 and 2011. scorn a 1. 5% GDP contraction in the third quarter of 2012, Singapores overall GDP is pass judgment to follow historical result around 5% this year. Export, Import and heap Singapore is the 14th medium-largest exporter and the 15th largest minuteer in the world. According to the WTO, Singapore has the highest trade to GDP ratio in the world at 407. 9%.International trade is essential for Singapore, as it has intimately no natural resources. A large percentage of trade is conducted to meet domestic demand for energy, sustenance, and other necessities. Singapore too regularly engages in trade, whereby industries and contrastes in the solid ground import stark(a) materials, onwards improve them for re-export. 47% of Singapores exports d soundly of re-exports. Singapore has relatively few parape ts to trade. deal partners wealthy person zero tariff evaluate applied to their products other than alcoholic beverages. several(prenominal) import re hardions exist, which are centre in the main on environmental regulation, health, and public guarantor concerns.The import of rice in addition requires import licensing in order to discipline food surety and price stability. In 2010, Singapores exports were valued at $351. 2 one million million (USD). The primary export partners allow in Hong Kong (11. 6% of total exports), Malaysia (11. 5%), US (11. 2 %), Indonesia (9. 7%), chinaware (9. 7%), Japan (4. 6%). Singapores imports were valued at $310. 4 one thousand thousand. The U. S. was Singapores primary source of imports (14. 7% of total imports) followed by Malaysia (11. 6%), chinaware (10. 5%), Japan (7. 6%), Indonesia (5. 8%), South Korea (5. 7%). Primary Industries The crude and petrochemical exertion in Singapore is one of the biggest in the world.Singapore imp orts cover from other countries before refining it for nevertheless use in other countries. Singapore has the third largest anele refinery in the world. The Singapore Petroleum companion (SPC) is besides a leading histrion in the petroleum exertion and is act in exploration, outturn, refining and distribution. Manufacturing is other major(ip) patience in Singapore. Although Singapore has specialized in digital and electronics manufacturing for the recent cardinal days, the country has diversified into other forms of manufacturing. convey to authorities initiatives and subsidies, biomedical and pharmaceutical manufacturing is seen to be the future for Singapores industries.Singapore is too a global leader in go, particularly in finance. Singapores banking sy stand is considered to be among the strongest in the world. Singapore has the fourth largest exotic exchange market in the world after London, crude York and Tokyo. The Singapore establishment Securities is the tho Asian market, besides Japan, to be part of the Citigroup World Bond Index. The Singapore Exchange (SGX) was also the first demutualised, compound securities and derivatives exchange in Asia-Pacific (Wikipedia, 2012). Economic foreshadow From 2011 onwards, Singapores GDP growth rate (constant prices, national currency) is anticipate to grow between the ranges of 4. 008 percent to 5. 162% in the succeeding(a) five years.According to the Ministry of guile and Industry (MTI) in Singapore, 2012 may see a higher growth rate of 5 to 7% as its primary trade partners progress to recover economically. semipolitical Perspective Singapores regimen is a blend of democracy and authoritarianism. It is a fantanary republic with a effectual system modeled after English common law. The president is voted into office by the popular vote for a sise year term. Voting in elections is required by law, so e really citizen 21 years and older is legally stimulate to cast a vote. The cab inet and the prime ministers are decreed by the president. in that respect are 84 parliamentary positioning room and each person serves a term of five years. The judicial power belongs to the compulsive Court which is split into the Court of Appeals and the gritty Court.Judges in twain(prenominal) of these courts are positive by the president of Singapore (Government Structure, 2012). Political Parties There are five main political parties The Workers Party of Singapore, the Reform Party, the Singapore Democratic Party, the Singapore Democratic Alliance, and at long last the Peoples Action Party which happens to be the approximately dominant. This dominance is collectible to the fact that pablum brought Singapore from an impoverished nation to one with incredibly rapid economic growth. Although this troupe has brought a indisputable level of prosperity to the country, they have also instituted extremely strict laws and censorship on almost all aspects of life. Curre nt Political EnvironmentIn the ago, Singapore was very conservative with spending and enthronization. However, in 2001 Singapores organization began structuring a arousal package that take ond tax rebates for phone linees and citizens, refuse public service fees, a more expansive welfare program and financial assistance for smaller bloodes. The monetary stance was changed to keep their currency competitive while assisting the increase in exporting. Since then, Singapore has relied less on political relation discussion and more on the liberalization of the economy. This came about cod to the lack of improvement government intervention made and the requirements for a World contend Organization membership (Politics & Government, 2007).Because the knocker holds over 90% of the seats in Parliament they have little trouble acquire their policies approved by Parliament which only requires a two-thirds absolute majority. As a result on that point is not a decent check an d balance in Singapores parliament a strikest the PAP. However, belatedly their dominance may be lessening according to the outcomes of the 2011 elections that showed a signifi sightt decline since 2006. In order for the PAP to stay dominant they must focus on maintaining a strong economy and addressing in-migration issues while gaining the trust of the junior generations. Due to Singapores low birth-rate, immigration has been essential to their economic growth. The percentage of native citizens had at rest(p) down to 74% in 2010. This has force native citizens to compete with immigrants for jobs.In the upcoming years it will be up to the government to legislate integration programs, lower the immigration rate, and smooth over ethnic tensions (Political Overview, 2011). Relationships foreign Singapore developed a cheeseparing relationship with the United States during the Cold fight due to the PAPs anti-communist platform and their ability to stagger free trade through the Asian-Pacific region. In 2003, the United States and Singapore signed the first bilateral agreement between the United States and an Asian country. Singapores government has not only pursued good relationships with the United States they also focus on good work relationships with Australia, Jordan, India, Korea, New-Zealand, and Panama through the signing of emancipate share Agreements.The government is currently negotiating standardized agreements with countries such as Bahrain, Canada, Egypt, Mexico, Sri Lanka, Kuwait, Qatar, and the UAE. (Politics & Government, 2007) Challenges to bloodline in Singapore According to the World savings banks Ease of Doing blood Report, Singapore has the most conducive regulatory environment for business among 183 economies worldwide (guidemesingapore. com). small-arm this exponentially expanding economy earmarks galore(postnominal) opportunities for business increase, there are a few quarrels that must be considered by global entreprene urs. Singapore has grown at a very rapid rate over the past few decades, and its economic success has attracted many diligence leaders.This increase in business has created a very competitive marketplace, which presents challenges for unexampled entrants. High challenger is a barrier to entry for amateur organizations, and stiff competition often means reduced margins. legion(predicate) companies who are considering an expansion into Singapore have concerns regarding economic growth and getability. some(prenominal) of these concerns stem from wage increase exists in the struggle market and reductions in productivity. According to the Ministry of Trade and Industry, labor productivity fell 2. 2% in the first quarter of 2012, chase a downward trend for the past 12 months. Also, manufacturing be rose 4. 6% and overall labor costs are up 3. 7%.The productivity reductions can be attributed to contagion from struggling European and U. S. markets. Higher costs in goods and servi ces are driving increases in both labor and operating expenses. Access to keen materials is also a concern for manufacturers considering business in Singapore. Geographic limitations and limited approach shot to resources often force manufacturers to import rude(prenominal) materials. Logistic costs associated with the delivery of raw materials can often become cost prohibitive. This problem grows progressively prevalent as the cost of fuel continues to rise globally. some other barrier to entry for new business in Singapore is the governments recent driveway to restrict the influx of foreigners.Singapores citizens are growing increasingly discontent with income inequality and rising costs of living. In response, the government has been enacting a series of benefit restrictions for permanent residents and foreign workers. For example, certain workers are not permitted to bring parents or in-laws into the country, and healthcare benefits are being reduced. In July 2012, Singap ores parliament considered amendments to its immigration law which would make new mansion or long-term work permits a criminal offense (Mahtani WSJ). These social indicators are red flags for new businesses who fear the partake of legislative protectivism. Summation of Macro Environment AnalysisSingapore proves itself to be a promising location for businesses hoping to internationalize. Its diverse and spirited culture welcomes newcomers as evidenced by its high rate of immigration. Singapores technology focus economy is growing at a stable rate with little sign of slow-down. This can be partially attributed to its political stability. It has been run by the same political party for decades, allowing Singapore to keep brace international relationships with foreign countries and their business partners. While all of these factors encourage business enthronisation, new entrants must also consider legislative protectivism and the increase costs of labor and manufacturing in the ir decision.Part 2 Country Environment Analysis Country Environment Analysis Abstract With its adequate cultural tapestry and beautiful landscape, modern day Singapore has a lot to offer its touring cars. The second section of this report details Singapores recent efforts to make their country a major travel polish. As the high-velo urban center growing vault of heaven of its economy, Singapore has latterly made huge investment fundss in its touristry labor. Singapores government has constructed a mass-rapid-transit-system (MRT) which serves as a means of out-migration for sightseeing tourists. Singapore is also focused on building regards such as diversion parks and botanical gardens.Singapore is a melting pot of different cultures as a result it offers a mellowness of cuisines and cultural events. Along with its high population of English speaking locals and low umbrage rate, it serves as an ideal travel destination for Hesperianers. Scope of the Tourism Industry Si ngapore has developed a rich tourism history over the past ccc hundreds of years. At the southern tip of Malaysia, Singapore is a primary destination for east trade. This bustling trade environment has attracted a culturally diverse population, and it is no awe that this environmentally beautiful hub for international business has become one of the premiere tourist destinations. Singapores tourism industry is massive. The Singapore Tourism Board (STB) notes $22. billion in tourism revenue for 2011. In that same year, Singapore attracted over 13 million tourists, which was a 13% increase from 2010. This is an astounding number for a nation whose population is just above 5 million. 76% of these visitors were Asian primarily from Indonesia, China and Malaysia. However, Australia, India and the Philippines also represented large percentages (see skeletal system 1). Singapore has been experiencing double-digit percentage growth in tourism receipts for the past 6 years and is evaluate to grow another 12% in 2012 according to major Asian news organization Asiaone News. name 1 Singapore tourist Levels per Country 2009-2011Country or territory 2009 tourers (ea) 2010Tourists (ea) 2011Tourists (ea) Germany 183,681 209,231 219,952 chinaware 156,761 191,173 238,488 Vietnam 265,414 322,853 332,231 South Korea 271,987 360,673 414,879 United States 370,704 416,990 440,576 United soil 469,756 461,714 442,611 Hong Kong 294,420 387,552 464,375 Thailand 317,905 430,022 472,708 Japan 489,987 528,817 656,417 Philippines 432,072 544,344 677,723 India 725,624 828,903 868,991 Australia 830,299 880,486 956,039 Malaysia 764,309 1,036,918 1,140,935 China 936,747 1,171,337 1,577,522 Indonesia 1,745,330 2,305,149 2,592,222 *Data man-made lake Singapore Tourism Board 2012 Singapore attributes much of its growth to improvements in base and style spliceivity. Investments in port access, roadways and air space have streamlined the front line of pile and products throughout Singa pore. The government has also invested heavily in railway for its MRTS which go forwards an average of 2. 4 million people per day (Wikipedia, 2012). Furthermore, developments in tele confabulations have helped to improve information accessibility, which has improved the ease of travel for both business travelers and tourists. In the year 2000, Singapores government contumacious to liberalise its telecoms sector.Previously, two companies controlled the entire telecommunications industry. In an effort to encourage global competitiveness, the government balance the two companies, and exposed the floodgates of telecommunication competition. Allowing market forces to drive this sector resulted in a revolution of progressive technology which has change integrity Singapores current position as a technological hub. So why is Singapore growing increasingly popular as a must visit international destination for tourists? Many economists note the business friendly environment which has a ttracted top-tier investors from around the world. This environment has produced a universal culture of engineering, art, food and music.Noting official languages of English, Malay, and Chinese, many international visitors also find it informal to communicate. Singapores government realized the unique luck for its tourism industry long ago, and developed the Singapore Tourism Board (STB) in 1964 to facilitate and develop its tourist activities. According to the STB, sightseeing and sport represented the largest spend for tourists in 2009 (see solve 2). Given its rich history of tourism, Singapore has developed many attractions over the years. Visitors can tour museums of contemporary art, explore Singaporean history, walk its pristine botanical gardens, and develop its science centers and exotic zoos.But some of the most impressive attractions have been developed in the past decade. The Marina Bay Sands compensate is a contemporary architectural masterpiece which opened in 20 10, and holds the record as the most expensive casino office in the world at $8 billion (Wikipedia,2012). fig 2 Singapores tends by the Bay has 250 realm of reclaimed land which holds state-of-the-art conservatories, horticulture themed gardens, point markets, and massive supertrees which stand 82 feet high and house countless exotic ferns and plants. These insubstantial trees were aesthetically constructed with tourists in mind, and illuminate the park at night with spectacular lead displays.Singapore also has its own Universal Studios which opened to the public in 2009. This Hollywood themed amusement park attracts visitors from around the globe, and is popular with western tourists who find comfort in its familiarity. Tourist attractions are big business in Singapore, and the STB works to ensure that there is no shortage of entertainment. Another tourist attraction is Singapores annual super acid Prix motor speed, which has generated significant revenue for Singapores gr owing economy. Auto speed has been a significant part of Singapores history since the 1960s, and in 2007 the STB signed a contract to bring jurisprudence 1 racing to Singapore.According to Wikipedia, 110,000 tickets were made uncommitted for the first race, and the event quickly change out filling every seat in the newly constructed raceway. This international event has since gained popularity as a premier racing competition. The Grand Prix weekend event generated over $200 million in overall local revenue in 2011. Areas of Opportunity and Risk futurity development As previously detailed, Singapore is one of the sudden growing economies in the world. The connectivity of the country is snappy to increasing competitiveness. Toward this end, one of the future plans for infrastructural development is the expansion of its MRTS, in an effort to connect all geographical areas in the country (GuideMeSingapore. com, 2012).Since, Singapore has slowly become a regional hub for petroleu m production and exploration and a tourist destination, the MRTS is aimed at providing a reliable, fast and cheap transportation of people and goods around the country. As previously discussed, communication facilities, particularly the telecommunications, have fueled growth in most parts of the country. Future plans related to communication take on open up up most parts of the country by investing in the telecommunication sector. Satellite systems and submarine cables are communicate to reach most parts of the country by 2014 to enhance geographic development. new(prenominal) future developments plans include the transformation of the urban center into an exciting and buzz place by illuminating all areas with LED lights. The butt is to attract more tourists to the ity (GuideMeSingapore. com, 2012). The major areas of the city targeted for this transformation include Singapore River, grove Road, Marina Bay and the whole of the Central Business District. The projected number o f tourists by 2015 is expected to reach 18 million (from 13 million in 2011). Hence, future plans include improving current tourist attractions. sustenance/Investment With its fast growing economy, Singapore is considered an most-valuable investment destination as compared to many countries in the world. Singapore has legion(predicate) supporting opportunities for investors ranging from traditional banks to the grants provided by the government for investment purposes.Institutional support for both hugger-mugger and public funding is encouraged in Singapore. Funding opportunities are provided both to foreign and local investors. With the wide range of funding and financing opportunities, numerous investment opportunities are available in Singapore. As previously mentioned, one of the fastest growing sectors of the economy is the tourism industry. This sector provides numerous investment opportunities particularly investments in tourist handling facilities such as guest houses, unemployed resorts and hotels as well as investment in transportation facilities. Oil production and exploration is another area of chance.With the rising demand for cheap gas and oil products in Singapore, oil exploration is an important investment opportunity for multi-national corporations dealing with seaward oil exploration activities. Other opportunities include investment in the financial sector such as providing financial services and trading in the stock market. Political Stability While political stability is an area of risk in many countries of the world, it is an area of opportunity in Singapore. Singapore is ranked first as the most politically stable country in the Asian region (GuideMeSingapore. com, 2012). The political body structure in Singapore makes the county an area of opportunity since the countries major sectors are not governed through political appointments. Important sectors of the economy are governed by bureaucrats.This means that performance, skills and loyalty to the policies of the nation qualify one to be appointed in any office in the country. Further, the dynamic nature of the countrys population contributes immensely to its political stability. The country has a multi-religious and multi-racial character where providing fair chances for all in terms of health, education and investment opportunities continues to maintain economic balance (GuideMeSingapore. com, 2012). Hence, Singapores political system is an area of opportunity sooner than an area of risk. This is further investment incentive for U. S. MNEs. Security of tourists Singapore has a well-organized protection system.The Internal aegis organ of the government is bestowed with the responsibility of ensuring the security of both local and foreign nationals. Hence, tourists are accorded utmost security by both private and government forces and protected from any instances of hate or racial utterances. Tourist sites and facilities are guarded by national law enforc ement authorities to ensure that tourists move freely without threats to their security (Ramesh, 2010). Singapore was recently noted as the number one Ultra-Safe Destination by Opentravel. com which boasted its crime rates as the lowest in Asia. Hence, security of tourists is a major area of opportunity in Singapore. Financial StabilityThe countrys projected revenue is expected to hit more than $40 billion according to the 2011 estimates. Expenditures are estimated at $35 billion leaving a trade surplus of more than 5 billion. In this regard, Singapore boasts of trade surplus rather than trade deficit. This means that the country is economically stable and it has stable resources for purchase of capital goods for the development of the country. The economic growth rate is an important indicator of the countrys economy. The projected economic growth rate is expected to hit more than 7. 5% by the end of 2012. With sound financial stability, international investors can have self-asser tion in their expected return on investment.The tourism industry has seen similar growth in recent years (see Fig 3). Fig 3 Challenges for US Business in Singapores Tourism Industry The STB is the countries leading economic development agency for tourism, and most opportunities for U. S. partnership in the tourism industry would be facilitated through this organization. The United States is a primary merchandise point for the STB which maintains office-space in both New York and Los Angeles. The government of Singapore prefers to use local firms to combine tourism with the ethnic lifestyles of Singapore. wizard concern for US firms who are considering opportunities in Singapore is the growing pressure of protectivism in its local culture.This is also a challenge for the STB who is aggressively recruiting visitors. The STB does work to promote local inheritance, but it also strives to develop global tourism demand which often requires bending from traditional culture. For example, Singapores menage district regularly presents western musicals and dramas to meet western audiences. This is an area of opportunity for U. S. establish organizations who wish to get in on Singapores booming tourism industry, but a legislative recent thrust to protect local heritage is prioritizing eastern values and culture. Singapore also relies on international investors and engineers to develop new world-class attractions.For example the Singapore Flyer, a 42 story high Ferris cycle per second located on Singapores southeastern tip, was stick outed by German engineers. Also, the design for its world famous Garden by the Bay Park was decided by an international competition which attracted more than 170 firms from 24 countries. The final design was awarded to two firms Grant Associates from New York, and Gustafson doorkeeper from London (Wikipedia, 2012). Another barrier to US business is the overwhelming Asian find in Singapore. As previously stated, the majority of foreig n tourists come from Asia (Japan 36%, Philippines 34% and China 31% 2011). This is partially due to Asian airlines that have drastically reduced their airfares in an effort to encourage Singapore tourism.Collaborations of these Asian countries not only ensure that there is stability in Singapores tourism industry, but they also make it difficult for other countries to snap the market. Singapore is known for its pro-business culture, and in most cases it encourages international investment. Tourism, however, is a unique industry and the government is not as provoke in incentivizing foreign tourism investment as it used to be. Some of the biggest challenge for U. S. firms and investors in Singapores tourism industry include limited opportunity, competition, and government control. International firms are fighting to mop up Singapores $20 billion tourism industry. The opportunity for substantial profit is attracting top-tier entertainment, culinary, facial expression, and engineer ing companies. However, Singapore is eographically small and well developed at this point. The STB is selecting from a kitten of innovative firms when developing new projects and their gustatory modality to promote local firms is increasingly evident. This business environment is incredibly competitive, and the STB tends to award local firms when given the choice. One strategy for U. S. companies is to provide innovative proposals which cannot be easily replicated. U. S. establish firms can also develop collaborative relationships or joint ventures with Singaporean organizations to gain a competitive edge. Country Environment Analysis Summation The tourism industry in Singapore appears to have a lot of promise.Its diversity offers tourists a rich cultural experience while lock in allowing ease of the communication and transit. It also boosts a low crime rate, an increasing number of attractions, and stable political and economic environment. Those deficient to invest in Singapor es tourism industry through the construction of resorts and hotels will be welcomed by Singapores traditionally pro-business policies but potentially discouraged by its recent push towards protectivism. One thing is certain, the tourism industry in Singapore is booming, and the potential for growth is attracting the most innovative firms in the game. whole works Cited AsiaOne. com. 2012. http//www. asiaone. om/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Singapore. hypertext mark-up language Chong, T. (2010). Management of Success Singapore Revisited. Singapore Institute of Southeast Asian. GuideMeSingapore. com. 2012. Why drive Singapore? Available from http//www. guidemesingapore. com/incorporation/ penetration/singapore-incorporation-advantages Retrieved on 10th November 2012. GuideMeSingapore. com. 2012. Introduction to Singapores political system. http//www. guidemesingapore. com/relocation/ initiation/singapores-political-system. Retrieved on 10th November 2012. Janus Research Reports -Doin g Business in Singapore vs USA http//www. guidemesingapore. com/research-reports/usa/doing-business-singapore-usaRamesh, S. (2010). Government goal is to ensure all citizens enjoy fruits of growth PM lee Channel News Asia (Singapore) Mahtani, S & Raghuvanshi, G. , (2012) Singapore Restricts Foreigners web http//online. wsj. com/article/SB10001424052702303567704577518591429808110. html MTI (Ministry of Trade and Industry) Singapore (2012) web http//www. mti. gov. sg/Pages/home. aspx MediaCorp Pte Ltd (2011). Singapores population reaches 5. 1 million. 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