Should People Make More of an Effort to Keep Things Private Essay Example for Free

Should People Make More of an Effort to Keep Things Private Essay People should make more of an effort to keep factors of their life private. For example when you see some people on Facebook updating about what they had for breakfast. I do not think we need to know that isnt them truly expressing themselves however that seems to be what they think they are doing. You shouldnt express yourself via the internet it should be what you do in certain situations and how you do it that express who you are. Today, many seem to not to want to keep some mystery about them. In addition, the internet does make this difficult as all you have to do is Google somebody and you can find out where they live, work, what their hobbies are and even who their family are. Initially, the fact you can find this information so easily is incredibly scary. Also it takes away the mystery of meeting someone and getting to know them when you can flick through their Facebook pictures and find out what they wore last Christmas. We expect people to respect our privacy but then we go and post all our details, this makes us hypocrites. I understand not everyone may do this but the majority do, if you post pictures on the internet, put your name and number anywhere you are giving away your privacy. Even the governments cannot respect our privacy. They put security cameras on every corner, in every building. Understandably they prevent and solve crimes but as a result it removes our privacy. Also, it is a huge factor in being a nanny state where we no longer have any privacy or the freedom to make decisions. They should respect our privacy and trust their people. However, should they respect our privacy if we think we have the right to know about their private lives? For example, we know all about Arnold Schwarzeneggers love child but should we be privy to this information it doesnt affect is ability to do his jobs. Also football players are a good example as many of them have affairs but it doesnt affect how they play. Why do we know intimate details of their life? Why do we feel we have the right to it? We wouldnt want everyone in our street knowing details like that let alone wanting it to be common knowledge internationally. We should respect their privacy as long as it does not affect how they act publicly. In conclusion, even though the media may not respect some individuals privacy and the governments may take ours as a bi-product of protecting us people should make more of an effort to keep some factors of their life private. As I said at the beginning people should retain some mystery and express themselves truly by what they do and how they do it. Yet, they may feel free to express themselves by telling us about their breakfast if it is a humorous anecdote or an interesting metaphor.

Community Policing Essay Example for Free

Community Policing Essay 1. Explain the concept Total Quality Management (TQM) and give examples of each stage of the process (Lesson Two Notes and Internet Research). TQM is a structured approach to organizational management. It entails several steps to identify, assess and implement solutions to problems. The first step is to identify a problem: This could be a patient complaint or an internal process that is not working. The next step would be to assess any needed corrective action. This is done through teamwork and collaboration by brainstorming on how the complaint can be resolved or what part of the process is not working. The questions to ask are; how can we improve? Additional steps are implementing the new process and checking the quality to see if it is actually an improvement. This is done through feedback, surveys and visual observance. 2. How is the nature of crime changing? What types of crimes do you feel we will have to deal with in the future, possibly some that we presently do not deal with? Crime has been changing in numerous ways. With the internet, to name a few, there are crimes of fraud, identity theft and hackers using spam and viruses to steal information and funds. Bank robberies are occurring online and criminals are avoiding the risk of getting caught by robbing them in person. New drugs are manufactured or smuggled into the US constantly and law enforcement is not able to keep up. With the advancements of electronic technology, I foresee many crimes being committed against people who use electronics solely for protecting their home, investments, etc. Hackers will be able to bypass any home security system and gain entry through electronic means. We will no longer be safe in the fortress we thought was solid. Another crime that has the potential to escalate is the creation and selling of coins simila r to bitcoins. Because they are relatively new, people don’t know much about them and take a risk in investing in them. I can visualize fraud and Ponzi type crimes as a result. 3. Explain what is meant by the title of Chapter Two: Engaging in a Changing Society. Be sure to give examples. Actually the title is â€Å"Partnerships in a Changing Society† and discusses the relationship between the community and police as times change. This includes a number of concepts like; communitarianism, in which a community is given the rights and responsibilities to take care of itself by  developing community watches, preventing drug dealers from selling in their neighborhoods; social capital, which is a form of bonding between the community and its individuals, like churches and schools. And last but not least there are volunteers who provide an invaluable service to the police free of charge. These services range from fundraising to helping out in soup kitchens. 4. How does the traditional police organization contrast with the community problem solving strategy of community policing? There are several ways traditional policing contrasts with COPPS. Initially, the government was solely responsible for ensuring laws were enforced while now, both the public and police work together to prevent crimes. In the past, issues important to the police were not important or not taken seriously by other public service departments. In today’s policing, they all assume some responsibility in trying to improve quality of life. Crimes that netted high values were the focus of law enforcement while now, crimes that disrupt a citizens way of like and is of concern has become the focus. These are but just a few ways the two contrasts. 5. How can government most effectively expand its commitment to customer service? Currently, the government has offered services online as well as post updated information to be reviewed by the public. These include; calls for services as some police departments, sheriff’s departments share information about sex offenders in the area as well as arrests and police reports on a daily basis. By providing this type of information to the public, it shows the government as being a willing participant in an effort to protect our communities.

Computer Forensics And Crime Investigations Information Technology Essay

Computer Forensics And Crime Investigations Information Technology Essay With the progression of time and advancement in technology, our digitized nation has and will become more dependent on computers as we use them in our daily lives whether it be at school, work, or for personal use. By evaluating past trends it is safe to calculate a rise in crimes using computers. Today criminals put a strain on computer forensic examiners, because there are few crimes that are committed without the involvement of a computer or any other computing device of some sort. Today with computer hardware and software becoming more sophisticated and portable along with wireless technology this broadens the definition of computers, but for this research a personal computer is the extent of the subject. With technology constantly evolving and with the definition updating what is to be considered evidence, this is why proper training and education is necessary. This is why it is imperative to examine crimes where computers play a role in a crime and it is essential to find any potential evidence located on the digital media. For a person charged with an offense, their charge in the case can be weakened if the investigation fails to find any such evidence. This is why it is imperative to create, build, and improve a national standardization and certification for the computer forensics field. The Statement of the Problem The definition of computer forensics may vary slightly depending on the authors on the subject. One of commonly known definition refers computer forensics as the acquisition, examination, and reporting of information found on computers and networks that pertain to a criminal or civil investigation (Kessler, 2005). Computer forensics is becoming increasingly important due to growth of crime-rates involving the use of computers and the Internet. Although such a trend is difficult to control completely, computer forensics technologies and applications provide necessary tools to law enforcement and other agencies to assist in crime investigations. Computer forensics is effectively used in solving cybercrimes; however, its use reaches far beyond just that. As many criminals engage in more sinister crimes-such as murder, kidnapping, sexual assault, and terrorism-also maintain incriminating information on their computers, recovering damning evidence from their computers often provides law enforcement crucial discoveries during investigations. There are numerous real-life crimes that were solved by use of computer forensics, and the significance of computer forensics continues to increase as technologies develop. However, computer evidence does not always provide solid traces of information necessary to prosecute a criminal due to computers volatile and virtual nature of data storage. Proper processing of computer evidence is essential to establishing credibility of evidence collected from computers and other peripherals, and it is computer forensics experts responsibility to ensure that the evidence is valid, uncorrupted, and unq uestionable. Why research this topic During a computer investigation, the computer system that is suspected to have to possible evidence must be properly handled by a professional. They investigator must create a copy or true image (bit stream) of the original media, which would be inspected later in the process for crucial evidence. When inspecting the copy the investigator will look for specific expressions or key words to establish any vital digital evidence that exists or has been deleted. The types of incriminating digital evidence could be many such as: racial discrimination, sexual discrimination, stock fraud, blackmail, and numerous others. To help promote fast turnaround time computer forensic professionals have the aid of commercial software packages like X-Ways Forensics, Encase, and several other commercial and open source utilities. Unfortunately, the consequences of not following precisely these steps can lead to the lost of evidence itself, and therefore it is important to create, build, and improve the m ethods of performing well-organized searches in order to trace evidence. The need for a current study in the computer forensics field is important for the future of not only the computer forensics field, and law enforcement, but for the legal system and everyone else who uses a computer. Today in our digital nation, we are becoming more dependable on technology and its many branches of devices. This has lead to make investigators ask themselves what type of computer crime has happened, what is considered evidence, and how to handle it. Methodology As time and technology progresses computer forensics is a very important factor on the war in computer crimes in our nation. Most reading suggest in order for computer forensics to properly be considered by the courts as a scientific discipline there has to be proper education, training, and testing for adequate certification. The time frames from the readings were 2000-2010, but a majority of them were from 2004 2006. There has been improvement in recent years to develop a national unified approach in undergraduate and graduate programs. Hypothesis Computer forensics is a relatively new field and discipline in the private sector compared to other forensic sciences. Computer forensics is the science of acquiring, preservation, identification, extraction/retrieving, and documentation of computer evidence that has been processed by electronic means and stored on a computer without altering any of the data in the process. With our rapidly evolving improving technology this has lead the definition of computer forensics to be interchangeable with digital forensics, which expands the definition to include PDAs, cell phones, and other portable devices. When conducting a forensic investigation with computer evidence; the investigator must perform particular procedures to guarantee successful evidence collection. The evidence collected can be useful in civil disputes, criminal cases, computer system break in, recover data, and human resources/employment proceedings. As our homes, workplaces, and organizations become more incorporated wit h the aid of information technology and the Internet; we also have to take into consideration the human element as a factor. This is why current research is needed to tailor programs for computer forensics to keep up with advanced criminals. background In order to prepare for the future we need to look in the past and try to figure out how we got here and how to fix some of the problems. Technological progress is like an axe in the hands of a pathological criminal. (Albert Einstein) As technology changes and the words that explain it there is the unchanged motives and emotional needs that drives the criminal behavior. With this in mind we need to understand the intentions of the inventors for the computer and the Internet. Before the invention of personal computers and the Internet these technological tools were used exclusively for scientific leaders and the military; which were located in either military bases or major university campuses. Half a century ago, the technology we use today might have seemed like science fiction. The first general-purpose electronic computer was the ENIAC, Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer. The intentions of the creators were to design a machine for mathematical power for computing. The Un ited States Department of Defense began funding of ARPA (the Advanced Research Projects Agency) and in 1969 the Internets first long distance electronic communication was made. The intentions of the creators were to create an instrument to guarantee an infrastructure between military installations. The goal of computer forensics is to recover and preserve digital evidence and to understand as much information regarding to the data as possible. The need for a computer forensics examiner is after the fact electronic information has been altered, deleted, or stolen in a computer crime. As with any other types of crimes it is a fact that the criminal leaves behind traces of their activity and these traces are the smoking gun that leads to prosecution in the court system. A computer forensics specialist is more than a computer expert; they must know how to effectively perform complex evidence recover procedures. These procedures include: data duplication/preservation, data seizure, data recover, document searches, expert witness services, media conversion, computer evidence service options, and miscellaneous services. A computer forensic examiner must follow federal guidelines for data seizure. One course of action allows a representative to examine and duplicate designated documents or data compilations that may include evidence, and it is The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. When data is duplicated or preserved the main concern is that data must not be altered in any way. Data recover is performed using dedicated tools for computer forensics to safely recover and analyze evidence. A document search is the ability to understand storage technology and perform a search with speed and efficiency. Media conversion is the ability to find and cross-examine data from the source or unreadable device, extract data and convert it into readable formats. Part of being a computer forensic specialist is to at times be an expert witness, and explain complex technical processes in an easy to understand manner. Some level of services that should be offered is on-site, standard, emergency, priority, and weekend s ervices. Other miscellaneous services include analysis of computers and data, on-site seizure in criminal investigations. Also an advantage is the ability to work on both PC and Mac O/S and a fast turnaround of time. Overview of Computer Crime Today criminals usually are one step ahead of law enforcement agencies and they have the knowledge to use computers to their gain, and they have the ability to cover their tracks. Since technology is constantly changing definitions are quickly becoming outdated as new definitions expand new offenses to computer crimes. However, computer crime can be generally categorize into four categories and they are criminal activity that involves using a computer as an instrument to commit a crime, criminal activity that has a computer as a target, such as hacking into, criminal activity when the computer was unintentionally part of the crime, and crimes frequently associated with the use of computers. With this new definition computer crimes in 2009 have increased 22% from 2008. The computer as an instrument of a crime When a criminal uses a computer as an instrument in a crime we can think of it as when a burglar uses a crowbar or lock picks as in instrument to enter a house. For this research, when a computer is used as an instrument of a crime there objective is to obtain data to commit fraud, theft of service, harassment and other illegal activities through a network by copying data rather than deleting. Theft is when a criminal unlawfully takes and carries away property or service without the permission of the owner. The property and service can range from personal/private information, financial information, security information, human resources information, internet access and trade secrets. With the stolen property or services the criminal can reproduce false identification, copyright material, and distribute child pornography among other types of crimes. Another use of a computer is by writing letters or e-mails to make threats, harassments, or stalk individuals. Computer as a target When a criminal targets a computer as part of the crime they launch an attack on computers or networks trying to deny service by denying the rightful user access to their own computer system or data. Another attack could be to damage or alter the computer system or data by browsing through valuable information stored or saved on the computer. When a computer is vandalized this also is considered as a computer as a target, because valuable information stored in the computer is denied to the rightful owner. The computer as incidental to a crime In a crime scene a computer can be seen as a subsidiary tool to a crime when criminals use the computer to simplify their transactions. These crimes could happen without technology, but the computer assists the criminal in their transactions which might include child pornography, money laundering, leads to other crimes and other criminal information. This computer crime evidence could have names of victims, associates, clients, and perpetrators personal information. Crimes associated with the prevalence of computers Technology advancements have created new targets of conventional crimes and the targets are on the industry. This includes academic property, software piracy/counterfeiting, copyright infringement of computer programs, black market computer equipment, counterfeit equipment, identity theft, and programs, and theft of technological equipment. The most common use of this crime is piracy or the violation of copyright infringement of commercial software COMPUTER FORENSICS SERVICES Today on television there are shows that portray crime scene investigation while using computer forensics, and they give the audience a little glimpse into the world of computer forensics. When in reality computer forensics is meticulous work, but the shows leave out all the details of the process. Computer forensic today based on a theory of trace evidence, and this theory is build upon the development of forensic science. One of the motivating factors in the development of forensic science was by 20th century forensic scientist Edmond Locard, and his theory was called the The Locard Exchange Principle. The Locard exchange principle states there will always be an exchange when two items come into contact, and that the contact(s) will bring something into the scene of the crime and leave behind something in the scene, therefore leaving a trace of evidence. Although trace evidence might be small yet important information found in a computer, it alone is not enough to make a case. Traces evidence can might be the smoking gun that leads to a successfully win in a court case. No matter how well the criminal tries to cover up their tracks, in todays society with computers hooked up to a network or wirelessly leaves traces of stored data on a computer to be found. This is where the skills and services of a computer forensics specialist will come in handy. This section is where computer forensic specialist and self proclaim computer experts get divided into separate groups. The field of computer forensics is vital to law enforcement agencies, because the procedures to protect and present evidence in court are followed by the requirements of the judicial system. There are plenty of computer experts who know how to search through files, point, click, copy, and make directory listings, but a computer forensics specialist does more than this. A computer forensics specialist must be familiar with and understand in detail how files systems are created, accessed, deleted, and changed. With training and experience a computer forensics specialist understands the methods and techniques for securing and acquiring evidence without altering it in a legal manner. Acquisition Just as any other type of evidence, digital evidence also comes across some difficulty. So why go through the trouble of collecting it? It is because if we dont try to figure out who committed the crime, why they did it and how, then we will never be able to stop them or anyone else from committing a crime again. This is why trying to recover all possible deleted files is crucial. Areas to look evidence can be in the hard drive, page files, temporary or swap files, and unallocated space. When collecting evidence in this step no changes or modifications to the evidence must be made or else the evidence will be considered inadmissible. Preservation When a proper warrant is issued the ability to protect data from a recovered system must be protected and unaltered in any way. The computer forensic specialist should pay close attention to this step in trying to avoid the notorious Murphys Law. To avoid this mishap at this point in time an exact duplicate copy should be made in order to preserve the best evidence, the original evidence. One of the most effective ways to back up is the use of bit stream image back-ups. This method copies and preserves all data enclosed partition, logical drive, and physical drive in the hard drive. Another idea to think about when preserving digital evidence is where to save it, and that depends on the investigator and the organization they work for. Analysis The person conducting and analyzing the evidence in the investigation but be able to guarantee that the result of an conclusion came from the evidence, and were not in any way a part of contamination or error. One area that the computer forensic specialist can control is making sure hardware and software are working properly. They can also check to make sure their equipment is up to date with updates, verify licenses, and know how to use the equipment. A vital process to conduct analysis is creating a hash value. The hash value is created with software to produce a unique value, like a digital fingerprint, produce a mathematical value. Documentation This process is crucial in the field, because if one mistake is made in reporting of evidence, then any other evidence could be questioned. Once the evidence has been indentify everything encountered with the use of a digital camera, video camera, or pen and paper or a combination of two. Once this is done, then all evidence must be labeled and any devices attached to the computer along with ports and wires connected the two. In case a computer forensics investigator is testifying in a court case, then the documentation process will help the investigator jog their memory. In conclusion, following these steps is crucial in computer forensics because it builds stronger methods within time. Experience and training of software can result in better search techniques to build a better and faster turnaround time. There is a need for a current study to identify future trends and concerns in judicial system on the subject of digital evidence and computer forensics. With the data gathered on future trends schools and computer forensic field can educate and train future forensic investigators with current and proper techniques to keep up with criminals. References

Liberalism, Civic Reformism and Democracy Essay -- Argumentative Argum

Liberalism, Civic Reformism and Democracy This paper argues that liberalism provides democracy with the experience of civic reformism. Without it, democracy loses any tie-argumentative or practical-to a coherent design of public policy endeavoring to provide the resources for the realization of democratic citizenship. The case for liberalism rests on an argumentative reconstruction of the function it performs before the rise of a world economic order and, more specifically, in the creation of the welfare state after the Second World War. Accordingly, liberalism defines a reformist political program: it is an emancipatory political project by virtue of its struggle for an egalitarian and universalist extension of citizenship rights. This is but a formulation of the modern idea of citizenship, conceived of as a universalizable contract of rights. At the same time, liberalism embraces a socioeconomic emancipatory project that endeavors to provide the conditions, within the institutional framework of modern societies, for the ac complishment of citizenship rights. The origins of liberalism in the seventeenth century tell the story of the struggle for recognition of religious tolerance. This early form of pluralism provided the antecedent for the constitutional recognition of civil rights, interpreted in terms of universal adscription. A further step of constitution-building in liberal polities was taken when the universal principles of equality and liberty assumed the status of fundamental rights. That happened under the form of a constitutional program aimed at the improvement of the civil condition. Liberalism as a revolution of rights not only meant the conquest of civil rights by society, but also their extension by constitut... ... Studies, 1, pp. 73-86. Rawls, J. 1993: Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press. Rosales, J. M. and J. Rubio-carracedo 1997: "To Govern Pluralism: towards a Concept of Complex Citizenship", in W. Krawietz, E. Pattaro and A. Erh-Soon Tay, eds., Rule of Law. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. Sen, A. 1992: Inequality Reexamined. Oxford: Clarendon. Turner, B. S. 1986: Citizenship and Capitalism. London: Allen & Unwin. ____ 1997: "Citizenship Studies: a General Theory", Citizenship Studies, 1, pp. 5-18. Van steenbergen, Bart 1994: "Global Modelling in the 1990s. A Critical Evaluation of a New Wave", Futures, 26, pp. 44-56. Vogel, U. 1991: "Is Citizenship Gender-Specific?", in U. Vogel and M. Moran, eds., The Frontiers of Citizenship. Houndmills and London: Macmillan, pp. 58-85. Walzer, M. 1983: Spheres of Justice. New York: Basic Books.

Essay on Personal Freedom Song of Solomon -- Song Solomon essays

Search for Personal Freedom Song of Solomon      Ã‚  Ã‚   Personal freedom is the ability to ignore societal and familial influences to find the true sense of self. Individuals are truly liberated when they are physically, mentally, and spiritually free. The search for personal freedom is exemplified in Song of Solomon by Toni Morrison. The main protagonist, Milkman achieves personal freedom through attainment of knowledge, by confronting his family, and by overcoming the prejudices of society.    Knowledge is a primary factor in the attainment of personal freedom. This includes not only scholarly education but also awareness of historical heritage and familial legacy. The fact that African-Americans were held in human bondage cannot be forgotten; it has to be remembered and passed on through rememory. Moreover, literacy gives minority cultures a voice to reach out to others with encouragement and hope.    Milkman has a high school education which he took for granted. For Milkman to achieve personal freedom, he needs to search for his ancestral roots. Milkman's father, Macon Dead, Jr., denies Milkman his rememories because Macon assumes that achieving the American Dream means erasing his past. However, as stated above, Morrison believes Milkman has to remember; he has to know his past in order to know his self. His father taught him that Athe one important thing you'll ever need to know: Own things. And let the things you own own other things. Then you'll own yourself and other people too@ (Morrison 55). Macon falsely leads Milkman to believe that "You'll be free. Money is freedom Macon. The only real freedom there is" (163). Milkman buys into his father's fallacy as he too frantically searches for the gold that will s... ... personal freedom is not an easy one, but we must persevere. Milkman's realization of his personal freedom came as his life ended. We must all remember the old Chinese proverb "The longest journey begins with a single step".    WORKS CITED Carmean, Karen, Toni Morrison's World of Fiction, Troy: The Whitston Publishing Company, 1993. Morrison, Toni. Song of Solomon. New York: Plume, Peach, Norman. Modern Novelists Toni Morrison. Ed. Norman Page. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995. Storhoff, Gary. "'Anaconda Love': Parental Enmeshment in Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon." Style 31 No. 2 (Summer 1997). 290-309. September 18, 2001 <http.//p26688.cl.uh.edu:2071/cgi-bin/web>. Willbern, David. "Reading After Freud." Ed. G. Douglas Atkins and Laura Morrow. Contemporary Literary Theory. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1989. 158-179.

Cosmology :: Essays Papers

No one knows how the universe began but there are many theory’s, and ideas man has created to explain how we got here and how everything else around us came to be. There are many different cosmologies. Cosmologies are theories of how the universe began. Physical, biblical, and mythical are theory’s based on personal beliefs. Some people don’t give the universe a second thought and like to stick to what they were first told. Others such as philosophers tend to explore all options and all aspects of how we came to. How did we become, how do we become, and what will we become are great questions. An even greater question is how everything we know did and even things we don’t know become? We probably in this lifetime will never know entirely, but if we do soon, that will be an even greater step for man than walking on the moon. Physical theories such as the big bang are based upon the universes finger prints. Radio active fingerprints that is. We can trace back a single pebble to at least 13.73 Billion years ago. The big bang theories are based off some theories you may or may not know like the string theory. The sting theories itself has many different theories based on it and many mathematical equations based on thoughts. Physical theories are well beloved by scientist, and have a lot of circumstantial evidence that back them up. But no one theory is 100% perfect. They all have a flaw in them somewhere. Biblical Theory’s are very unreliable and do not have a lot of evidence to prove them. Genesis 1 states. â€Å"In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the spirit of God was hovering over the waters. And God said "Let there be light," and there was light. God saw that the light was good and he separate the light from the darkness. God called the light day, and the darkness night. And there was evening, and there was morning.-the first day." Now this is all fine and dandy, but "God" has not told us how he came to be, or how when he said light it was just there cause he said it. Well if there was no light before how did "God" even know about light? Was he just living by himself in the darkness not doing anything so he got bored one day and decided to create life.

Kinds of System

Is a system that captures, enters stores, retrieves and processes the relevant details of business events, and generates the information/document necessary for running he organization and interfacing with external entities, such as customers. Transaction – Is the process of dlvldlng a body of data Into blocks and spreading the data blocks across several partitions on several hard disks. Features of Transaction Processing Systems 1. Rapid response – fast performance with rapid results 2.Reliability- well designed backup and recovery with a low failure rate 3. Inflexibility – treat every transaction equally. It may be used many times each day which means it has to be precise and inflexible 4. Controlled processing – maintain speclflc requirements for the roles and responsibilities of different employees. Types of -rps Batch processing Is where the Information Is collected as a batch and then processed later on. An example of batch processing is paying by che que.Batch processing is useful for enterprises that need to process large amounts of data using limited resources Batch Processing system Real Time Processing is where all details of the transaction are recorded and changed at the time as It occurs. Examples of real time processing are ATM's. The importance of data In transaction processing: Data security Is Important as data Is often confidential or has a commercial value, herefore, it needs to be protected from unauthorized access.Data accuracy means that the data is correct and that the data is up to date (current) Data integrity describes the reliability of data. This will include statements of data currency, correct entry of data and accuracy of the data. TPS serve two purposes. 1 . To support day-to-day, routine operations by being made accessible to those parts of the organization (as well as to external entities) where they are needed. 2. To feed 1 OFA effectiveness and efficiency of the operations. The computer system media ting between the humans and physical reality in an nventory application.Updates brought about by a transaction are of three types: Adding a new record, such as when a new customer signs up Changing an existing record, such as changes in credit available for a customer when that customer makes new purchases or returns already purchased products Deleting a record, such as when a product is discontinued TPSs are characterized by Large amounts of input/output Large number of users Huge storage requirements Low computational complexity Fast input/output as well as processing capabilities A high degree of concern for potential security related problems A high degree of oncern for reliability and fault tolerance.Five Stages of Transaction Processing Data Entry Processing Database Maintenance Document And Report Generation Inquiry Processing Management Information Systems Provide information in the form of reports and displays to managers and many business professionals to support business decision making. A management information system is an information system that uses the data collected by the managers can use it to make routine business decisions in response to problems. Some of the reports that this information systems creates are summary, exception and ad hoc reports.All this is done to increase the efficiency of managerial activity. Most management information systems specialize in particular commercial and industrial sectors, aspects of the enterprise, or management substructure. Management information systems (MIS), produce fixed, regularly scheduled reports based on data extracted and summarized from the firm's underlying transaction processing systems[5] to middle and operational level managers to identify and inform structured and semi-structured decision problems.Decision Support Systems (DSS) are computer program applications used by middle management to ompile information from a wide range of sources to support problem solving and decision making. Exec utive Information Systems (EIS) is a reporting tool that provides quick access to summarized reports coming from all company levels and departments such as accounting, human resources and operations. Marketing Information Systems (MIS) are Management Information Systems designed specifically for managing the marketing aspects of the business.Office Automation Systems (OAS) support communication and productivity in the enterprise by automating work flow and eliminating bottlenecks. OAS may be implemented at any nd all levels of management. School Information Management Systems (SIMS) covers school administration, and often including teaching and learning materials. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) facilitates the flow of information between all business functions inside the boundaries of the organization and manages the connections to outside stakeholders.Advantages The following are some of the benefits that can be attained for different types of management information systems. Co mpanies are able to highlight their strengths and weaknesses due to the presence of revenue reports, employees' performance record etc. The identification of these aspects can help the company improve their business processes and operations. Giving an overall picture of the company and acting as a communication and planning tool. The availability of the customer data and feedback can help the company to align their business processes according to the needs of the customers.The effective management of customer data can help the company to perform direct marketing and promotion activities. Some disadvantages can exist when using a management information system in a company. Expensive Installing a management information system can be expensive for a company. Information technology†while cheaper today than previous years†can represent a significant expense, especially for larger organizations. These systems may also require ongoing support or upgrade fees, which can represen t future fixed cash outflows.Companies must create a budget to pay for these items to ensure the information system stays current with business technology. Attempting to integrate these systems with technology currently in use can also increase expenses. Companies may need to hire maintenance individuals to help keep an electronic information system running smoothly. These individuals often need experience in omputer science functions and other business topics. Not only does this increase labor costs, but it also requires additional training and ongoing education for these individuals.Business technology can change frequently, creating an environment where companies must have trained individuals who can properly maintain computers, websites, servers and other equipment in use by the management information system. Ineffective Management information systems have the potential to become ineffective in a company's operations. As with all computer systems, the management information syst em is only as good as the programmer. Gathering unimportant or non-essential information can delay business decisions because managers must request additional input.Spending too much time reprogramming or correcting issues can also increase the time spent in the decision-making process. Business owners and managers may also need extensive training on new systems, creating a learning curve that will hopefully diminish over time. Unemployment While information, Information Security Selection Software Evaluation Reports, they secure Information Exchange in an Insecure World, Lack of Job security, Dominant culture , there is no privacy, expensive, maintenance and ineffective.